punishments: J. Rosen, “Prisoners of parole,” New York Times Magazine, Jan. 10, 2010.
176. Discounting the future: Daly & Wilson, 2000; Hirschi & Gottfredson, 2000; Wilson & Herrnstein, 1985. See also “Self-Control” in chap. 9 of this book.
177. Dominance versus fairness: Fiske, 1991, 1992, 2004a. See also “Morality and Taboo” in chap. 9 of this book.
178. “My probation officer doesn’t like me”: J. Rosen, “Prisoners of parole,” New York Times Magazine, Jan. 10, 2010.
179. Kant and crime prevention: J. Seabrook, “Don’t shoot: A radical approach to the problem of gang violence,” New Yorker, Jun. 22, 2009.
180. House on fire: J. Seabrook, “Don’t shoot: A radical approach to the problem of gang violence,” New Yorker, Jun. 22, 2009, pp. 37–38.
181. Reconstitution of social order: Fukuyama, 1999, p. 271; “Positive trends recorded in U.S. data on teenagers,” New York Times, Jul. 13, 2007.
182. Informalization and third nature: Wouters, 2007.
Chapter 4: The Humanitarian Revolution
1. Torture museum: http://www.torturamuseum.com/this.html.
2. Coffee table books on torture: Held, 1986; Puppi, 1990.
3. Medieval torture: Held, 1986; Levinson, 2004b; Mannix, 1964; Payne, 2004; Puppi, 1990.
4. Pope Paul IV a sainted torturer: Held, 1986, p. 12.
5. Illogical torture: Mannix, 1964, pp. 123–24.
6. Universality of torture: Davies, 1981; Mannix, 1964; Payne, 2004; Spitzer, 1975.
7. Critical theorists: Menschenfreund, 2010. Theoconservatism: Linker, 2007.
8. Humanism in Asia: Bourgon, 2003; Kurlansky, 2006; Sen, 2000.
9. Human sacrifice: Davies, 1981; Mannix, 1964; Otterbein, 2004; Payne, 2004.
10. “that no one might burn”: 2 Kings 23:10.
11. Number of Aztec sacrifices: White, in press.
12. Suttee deaths: White, in press.
13. Superstitious rationale for human sacrifice: Payne, 2004, pp. 40–41.
14. Quoted in M. Gerson, “Europe’s burqa rage,” Washington Post, May 26, 2010.
15. Shortchanging the gods: Payne, 2004, p. 39.
16. Witchcraft and hunter-gatherer warfare: Chagnon, 1997; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Gat, 2006; Keeley, 1996; Wiessner, 2006.
17. Overactive cause detection: Atran, 2002.
18. Witchcraft accusations: Daly & Wilson, 1988, pp. 237, 260–61.
19. Enforcing unpopular norms: Willer, Kuwabara, & Macy, 2009. See also McKay, 1841/1995.
20. Malleus Maleficarum: Mannix, 1964; A. Grafton, “Say anything,” New Republic, Nov. 5, 2008.
21. 60,000 witch-hunt victims: White, in press. 100,000 witch-hunt victims: Rummel, 1994, p. 70.
22. Witch hunts: Rummel, 1994, p. 62; A. Grafton, “Say anything,” New Republic, Nov. 5, 2008.
23. Blood libels: Rummel, 1994, p. 56.
24. Witchcraft skeptics: Mannix, 1964, pp. 133–34.
25. Witchcraft experiments: Mannix, 1964, pp. 134–35, also recounted in McKay, 1841/1995.
26. Decline of witchcraft: Thurston, 2007; Mannix, 1964, p. 137.
27. Atrocitology: Rummel, 1994; Rummel, 1997; White, in press; White, 2010b.
28. Death tolls of Christian wars and massacres: White, in press, provides the following estimates: Crusades, 3 million; Albigensian suppression, 1 million; Huguenot Wars, 2–4 million; Thirty Years’ War, 7.5 million. He does not provide his own estimate of the Inquisition’s death toll using multiple sources but cites an estimate from the general secretary of the Inquisition in 1808 of 32,000.
29. 400 million people: Estimate of world population in 1200 CE from Historical estimates of world population, U.S. Census Bureau, 2010a.
30. Albigensian Crusade: Rummel, 1994, p. 46.
31. Albigensian Crusade as genocide: Chalk & Jonassohn, 1990; Kiernan, 2007; Rummel, 1994.
32. Tortured for clean underwear: Mannix, 1964, pp. 50–51.
33. Death toll from the Spanish Inquisition: Rummel, 1994, p. 70.
34. Religious persecution: Grayling, 2007.
35. Luther and the Jews: Lull, 2005.
36. John Calvin, “Sermon on Deuteronomy”: Quoted in Grayling, 2007, p. 41.
37. Murderous Calvin: Grayling, 2007.
38. Henry VIII burned 3.25 heretics: Payne, 2004, p. 17.
39. European Wars of Religion: Wright, 1942, p. 198.
40. Death toll of Wars of Religion: See the table on p. 195 for similar estimates and comparisons from Matthew White.
41. English Civil War death toll: Schama, 2001, p. 13. Schama cites “at least a quarter of a million” dead in England, Wales, and Scotland and guesstimates another 200,000 in Ireland, out of a population of 5 million in the British Isles at the time.
42. Papal pique: Holsti, 1991, p. 25.
43. Decline of the Inquisition: Perez, 2006.
44. Erasmus and other skeptics: Popkin, 1979.
45. Scrutiny of religious persecution: Grayling, 2007.
46. “Calvin says that he is certain”: Concerning heretics, whether they are to be persecuted, quoted in Grayling, 2007, pp. 53–54.
47. Skeptical Francis Bacon: Quoted in Grayling, 2007, p. 102.
48. Cat-burning: Quoted in Payne, 2004, p. 126.
49. Pepys: Quoted in Clark, 2007a, p. 182.
50. Lethal pillorying: Mannix, 1964, pp. 132–33.
51. Lethal flogging: Mannix, 1964, pp. 146–47. See also Payne, 2004, chap. 9.
52. Cruel prisons: Payne, 2004, p. 122.
53. Prison reform: Payne, 2004, p. 122.
54. Infamous burning at the stake: Mannix, 1964, p. 117.
55. Breaking on the wheel: Trewlicher Bericht eynes scrocklichen Kindermords beym Hexensabath. Hamburg, Jun. 12, 1607. http://www.borndigital.com/wheeling.htm.
56. Infamous breaking on the wheel: Hunt,