Informalization in dress and manners: Lieberson, 2000. Informalization in forms of address: Pinker, 2007b, chap. 8.
117. Decline of trust in institutions: Fukuyama, 1999.
118. Proletarianization from Arnold Toynbee; defining deviancy down from Daniel Patrick Moynihan; quoted in Charles Murray, “Prole Models,” Wall Street Journal, Feb. 6, 2001.
119. Timekeeping and self-control: Elias, 1939/2000, p. 380.
120. Conning the intellectuals: See, e.g., Pinker, 2002, pp. 261–62.
121. Rape as radical chic: See Brownmiller, 1975, pp. 248–55, and chap. 7, for numerous examples.
122. Rape as insurrection: Cleaver, 1968/1999, p. 33. See also Brownmiller, 1975, pp. 248–53.
123. Intelligent and eloquent rapist: Jacket and interior blurbs in Cleaver, 1968/1999.
124. Retreat of the justice system: Wilson & Herrnstein, 1985, pp. 424–25. See also Zimring, 2007, figure 3.2, p. 47.
125. Decriminalization of public disorder: Fukuyama, 1999.
126. Failure to protect African Americans: Kennedy, 1997.
127. Paranoia about the police: Wilkinson et al., 2009.
128. Moynihan report: Massey & Sampson, 2009.
129. Perverse incentives: Fukuyama, 1999; Murray, 1984.
130. Skepticism of parenting effects: Harris, 1998/2008; Pinker, 2002, chap. 19; Wright & Beaver, 2005.
131. American homicide rates: FBI Uniform crime reports, 1950–2005, U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2010b.
132. Canadian homicide: Gartner, 2009.
133. European homicide: Eisner, 2008.
134. Decline in other crimes: U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, National crime victimization survey, 1990 and 2000, reported in Zimring, 2007, p. 8.
135. Cloud beyond the horizon: Quoted in Zimring, 2007, p. 21.
136. Blood bath: Quoted in Levitt, 2004, p. 169.
137. Super-predators: Quoted in Levitt, 2004, p. 169.
138. Gotham City without Batman: Quoted in Gardner, 2010, p. 225.
139. Smaller crime-prone cohort: Zimring, 2007, pp. 22, 61–62.
140. Different unemployment trends in Canada and the United States: Zimring, 2007.
141. Unemployment and violence going in different directions: Eisner, 2008.
142. Unemployment doesn’t predict violent crime: Zimring, 2007, p. 63; Levitt, 2004; Raphael & Winter-Ebmer, 2001.
143. “never right to begin with”: Quoted in A. Baker, “In this recession, bad times do not bring more crime (if they ever did),” New York Times, Nov. 30, 2009.
144. Inequality and violence: Daly, Wilson, & Vasdev, 2001; LaFree, 1999.
145. Gini index for the United States: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010b.
146. Inequality may not cause crime: Neumayer, 2003, 2010.
147. Claim that abortion lowers crime: Donohue & Levitt, 2001.
148. Abortion one of four causes of crime decline: Levitt, 2004.
149. Problems for the abortion-crime connection: Joyce, 2004; Lott & Whitley, 2007; Zimring, 2007; Foote & Goetz, 2008; S. Sailer & S. Levitt, “Does abortion prevent crime?” Slate, Aug. 23, 1999, http://www.slate.com/id/33569/entry/33571/. Levitt’s reply: Levitt, 2004; see also his responses to Sailer in Slate.
150. More at-risk children following Roe v. Wade: Lott & Whitley, 2007; Zimring, 2007.
151. Women who have abortions more responsible: Joyce, 2004.
152. Peers trump parents: Harris, 1998/2008, chaps. 9, 12, 13; Wright & Beaver, 2005.
153. Wrong age-cohort predictions: Foote & Goetz, 2008; Lott & Whitley, 2007; S. Sailer & S. Levitt, “Does abortion prevent crime?” Slate, Aug. 23, 1999, http://www.slate.com/id/33569/entry/33571/.
154. Explaining the 1990s crime decline: Blumstein & Wallman, 2006; Eisner, 2008; Levitt, 2004; Zimring, 2007.
155. American incarceration mania: J. Webb, “Why we must fix our prisons,” Parade, Mar. 29, 2009.
156. Imprisoned Americans: Zimring, 2007, figure 3.2, p. 47; J. Webb, “Why we must fix our prisons,” Parade, Mar. 29, 2009.
157. Small number commit many crimes: Wolfgang, Figlio, & Sellin, 1972.
158. Criminals have low self-control: Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990; Wilson & Herrnstein, 1985.
159. Deterrence works: Levitt & Miles, 2007; Lott, 2007; Raphael & Stoll, 2007.
160. Montreal police strike: “City without cops,” Time, Oct. 17, 1969, p. 47; reproduced in Kaplan, 1973, p. 20.
161. Problems with the imprisonment explanation: Eisner, 2008; Zimring, 2007.
162. Diminishing returns in imprisonment: Johnson & Raphael, 2006.
163. Effectiveness of additional police: Levitt, 2004.
164. Boston policing: F. Butterfield, “In Boston, nothing is something,” New York Times, Nov. 21, 1996; Winship, 2004.
165. New York policing: MacDonald, 2006.
166. Broken Windows theory: Wilson & Kelling, 1982.
167. New York success story: Zimring, 2007; MacDonald, 2006.
168. Biggest crime prevention achievement in history: Zimring, 2007, p. 201.
169. Problems with Broken Windows: Levitt, 2004; B. E. Harcourt, “Bratton’s ‘broken windows’: No matter what you’ve heard, the chief’s policing method wastes precious funds,” Los Angeles Times, Apr. 20, 2006.
170. Dutch Broken Windows: Keizer, Lindenberg, & Steg, 2008.
171. Hard-headed statisticians: Eisner, 2008; Rosenfeld, 2006. See also Fukuyama, 1999.
172. Black women and clergy as civilizing forces: Anderson, 1999; Winship, 2004.
173. Boston Miracle: Winship, 2004; P. Shea, “Take us out of the old brawl game,” Boston Globe, Jun. 30, 2008; F. Butterfield, “In Boston, nothing is something,” New York Times, Nov. 21, 1996.
174. M. Cramer, “Homicide rate falls to lowest level since ’03,” Boston Globe, Jan. 1, 2010.
175. Small predictable versus large capricious