queen. The legend inspired the Pre-Raphaelite artist Sir Edward Burne-Jones to paint “King Cophetua and the Beggar Maid” (1884), which now hangs in the Tate Gallery in London.

6 (p. 164) the other cheek: The reference is to the Bible, Luke 6:29: “And unto him that smiteth thee on the one cheek offer also the other; and him that taketh away thy cloak forbid not to take thy coat also.”

7 (p. 167) tam-o‘-shanter: Originally, Scottish plowmen wore a cap known as the tam-o’-shanter, and it was later modified as a headdress for girls and young women. The tam-o‘-shanter as we know it is made of a soft wool with a flat top, and the circumference is about twice that of the headband.

8 (p. 169) It’s because ... is inside really: D. H. Lawrence describes the philosophy of the Impressionists, a late-nineteenth-century school of French painters who were concerned with the study of light and its refractions. Claude Monet, Auguste Renoir, and Paul Cezanne are perhaps the best-known painters of the group. Although the young Paul lacks the vocabulary and education to recognize a strain of Impressionism in his own art, he comes to it later (see page 329) Some critics have compared D. H. Lawrence’s prose style to that of an Impressionist painting.

9 (p. 169) ponder these sayings: In the Bible, Luke 2:19, Mary rejoices in the birth of Jesus. The angel has told the shepherds of the birth, and they spread news of the things the angel tells them. “But Mary kept all these things, and pondered them in her heart.”

10 (p. 170) Reynolds’s “Choir of Angels”: Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792), an English portrait painter, was admired for his paintings of women and children done in the tradition of Van Dyck and Titian. This painting titled “Choir of Angels” was very popular and much reproduced.

11 (p. 171) women who went with Mary: The reference is to the Bible, Luke 24:1-10, in which Mary Magdalene and others find Jesus’ tomb empty.

12 (p. 175) nationalizing of the land: The debate over nationalization, or state ownership of industry and agriculture, began in Edwardian England, with socialists and radicals calling for state control of coal, railways, and land. The issue was much debated at the turn of the century because many small farms were economically threatened by the inexpensive grain imported from the United States. The movement reached its height after 1945 and came to a stop with Margaret Thatcher’s government (1979-1987).

13 (p. 178) gaby: See page 49 for alternate spelling, “gabey.” This is a term for a fool, or simpleton.

14 (p. 180) Hemlock Stone: This irregularly shaped mass of red sandstone is one of the most famous landmarks in the British Midlands. While the Hemlock Stone has often been linked to the Druids, who built similar stone monuments throughout Britain, geologists now say the formation is entirely natural.

15 (p. 184) “annunciation”: In the Bible, Luke 1:26-38, the Angel Gabriel comes to Mary and announces that she will be the mother of Jesus.

16 (p. 185) letters of the law: The reference is to the Ten Commandments, which God delivers to Moses in the Bible, Exodus 20:1-26.

17 (p. 185) Bank Holiday crowd: Bank holidays are days on which the banks of Britain close, and are the equivalent to public holidays in the United States. Most workers in both the public and private sectors have Bank holidays off.

18 . (p. 186) Mary Queen of Scots: Mary Stuart (1542-1587), Queen of Scotland, was imprisoned several times, for her belief in Roman Catholicism and other misdeeds, in Wingfield Manor. She was eventually beheaded.

19 (p. 187) Crich Stand: The reference is to a well-known signal beacon that stood atop a hill outside the village of Crich in Derbyshire.

20 (p. 188) Veronese’s “St. Catherine”: Paolo Veronese (1528-1588) was an Italian painter of the Venetian School who specialized in large, detailed, and brightly colored paintings, almost always of religious themes. Saint Catherine is the patron saint of girls.

21 (p. 189) But there was a serpent in her Eden: This is a reference to the Bible, Genesis 3:1-6, in which the devil takes the form of a snake and enters the Garden of Eden to tempt Eve with the forbidden apple.

22 (p. 190) who died for the souls of men: It is a fundamental Christian belief that the Lord sacrificed his one son in order to save the eternal souls of mortal men. D. H. Lawrence concentrated much of his intellectual energies on questions of religion. In his later life, he became