2017, https://usun.usmission.gov/remarks-at-an-emergency-un-security-council-briefing-on-north-korea/.
Secretary of Defense: David Sanger and Choe Sang-Hun, “North Korean Nuclear Test Draws U.S. Warning of ‘Massive Military Response,’ ” NYT, September 2, 2017.
“When one is firmly equipped”: “2013 Plenary Meeting of the WPK Central Committee and 7th Session of Supreme People’s Assembly,” http://www.nkeconwatch.com/2013/04/01/.
“as a peace-loving nuclear power”: “Kim Jong Un’s 2018 New Year’s Address.”
Evans Revere, a former top Asia expert: Evans Revere, “2017: Year of Decision on the Korean Peninsula,” Brookings Institution Report, March 2, 2017, https://www.brookings.edu/research/2017-year-of-decision-on-the-korean-peninsula/.
“Once an observer”: Heuer, Psychology of Intelligence Analysis, 11.
For some of these peace advocates: Sarah Lazare, “Liberals Go Hardline on Korea: An Interview with Christine Ahn,” Verso, June 19, 2018, https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/3889-liberals-go-hardline-on-korea-an-interview-with-christine-ahn.
They and others have argued: @GBrazinsky, December 13, 2018, https://twitter.com/GBrazinsky/status/1073249132029140992.
Some academics insist: John Delury, “Kim Jong Un Has a Dream. The U.S. Should Help Him Realize It,” NYT, September 21, 2018.
Sheila Miyoshi Jager: Sheila Miyoshi Jager, “What Trump Needs to Know about North Korea’s History,” Politico Magazine, August 9, 2017.
For Kim Jong Un: Cited in Josh Smith, “ ‘Treasured Sword’: North Korea Seen as Reliant as Ever on Nuclear Arsenal as Talks Stall,” Reuters, November 13, 2018.
Following the sixth nuclear test: Seungmock Oh, “DPRK Media Highlights Rallies Celebrating Completion of State Nuclear Force,” NK News, December 11, 2017.
Jager concisely sums up: Sheila Miyoshi Jager, Brothers at War: The Unending Conflict in Korea (New York: W. W. Norton, 2013), 7.
A panel of former security officials: Central Intelligence Agency, Exploring the Implications of Alternative North Korea Endgames, January 21, 1998.
Richard Bush, a Brookings scholar: Richard Bush, “The Real Reason a North Korean Nuclear Weapon Is So Terrifying—and It’s Not What You Think,” The Brookings Institution Order from Chaos Blog, August 9, 2017.
Over the years, Beijing’s leaders: “China Urges Calm on Korean Peninsula after DPRK, ROK Exchange Fire,” Global Times, April 1, 2014; “China’s President Xi Jinping Calls for Calm, Restraint on Korean Peninsula in Meet with North Korean Envoy,” The Straits Times, June 1, 2016; “China Calls for Restraint after US Bomber Flyover of ROK,” CCTV, September 14, 2016, http://english.cctv.com/2016/09/14/VIDEmJR6zavbLb6u2R8svplg160914.shtml.
Xi Jinping’s first visit: Joshua Berlinger, “Xi Jinping and Kim Jong Un Pledge ‘Peace and Stability’ during Historic Pyongyang Visit,” CNN, June 20, 2019.
Russia, too, has been: “China and Russia Call for Easing of North Korea Sanctions,” ChannelNewsAsia, September 27, 2018.
Moscow’s 2014 cancellation: “Russia Forgives North Korean Debt,” VOA News, June 17, 2014.
All previous U.S. administrations: Michael Rosenwald, “The U.S. Did Nothing after North Korea Shot Down a Navy Spy Plane in 1969. Trump Vows That Won’t Happen Again,” WP, November 7, 2017; Andrew Glass, “Truman Leaves Nuclear Option on the Table in Korean War, Nov. 30, 1950,” Politico, November 30, 2017; Amanda Erickson, “The Last Time the U.S. Was on ‘the Brink of War’ with North Korea,” WP, August 9, 2017; Jesse Johnson, “Obama Weighed Pre-emptive Strike against North Korea after Fifth Nuclear Blast and Missile Tests near Japan in 2016, Woodward Book Claims,” The Japan Times, September 12, 2018.
As recounted in Van Jackson’s On the Brink: Jackson, On the Brink, 61–62.
“North Korea’s fundamental liabilities”: Pollack, “Economic Cooperation with North Korea.”
In 2017, North Korea’s number two: William Brown, “Sanctions and Nuclear Weapons Are Changing North Korea,” The Asan Open Forum, December 5, 2017, http://www.theasanforum.org/sanctions-and-nuclear-weapons-are-changing-north-korea/.
Inter-Korean trade plummeted: South Korea Ministry of Unification, “Inter-Korean Exchanges and Cooperation,” accessed January 25, 2019, https://www.unikorea.go.kr/eng_unikorea/relations/statistics/exchanges/.
According to market research firm IHS Markit: John Miller, “The Trade Numerologist: Trading with North Korea,” IHS Markit, October 5, 2017, https://ihsmarkit.com/research-analysis/the-trade-numerologist-trading-with-north-korea.html.
North Korea’s trade deficit: Lee Kil-seong, “N. Korea’s Trade Deficit with China Hits Record,” Chosun Ilbo, January 16, 2019.
In 2018, as a result of: Lee Jeong-ho, “North Korean Trade with Biggest Partner China Dives 48 Percent amid Sanctions,” SCMP, July 19, 2019.
North Korea’s economy overall: South Korea’s central bank estimates as reported in Sam Kim and Jon Herskovitz, “North Korea Likely Suffering Worst Downturn since 1990s Famine,” Bloomberg, July 16, 2019.
North Korea does not publicize: “Regime Squeezes North Korean Workers in China for Funds,” Daily NK, February 28, 2019; Tae-jun Kang, “North Korea’s Internal Struggles Hint That Sanctions Are Working,” The Diplomat, April 8, 2019; Benjamin Katzeff Silberstein, “The North Korean Economy and U.S. Policy: Stability under ‘Maximum Pressure,’ ” in Joint U.S.-Korea Academic Studies, ed. Gilbert Rozman (Washington, D.C.: Korea Economic Institute, 2019), 276–301.
Ryan Hass, the former China director: Jung H. Pak and Ryan L. Hass, “Beyond Maximum Pressure: A Pathway to North Korean Denuclearization,” The Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Brief, December 2017, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/north_korean_denuclearization.pdf.
The importance of coordinated: United Nations, Report of the Panel of Experts Established Pursuant to Resolution 1874 (2009), March 5,