6, 2010.
Chapter 28: Science Experiment
1 Clay Christensen, The Innovator’s Dilemma (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003).
2 Steven Chu autobiography, Nobel Prize Web site.
3 Interviews with Raymond Orbach and John Tully.
4 Chu autobiography, Nobel Prize Web site.
5 Vernon W. Ruttan, Is War Necessary for Economic Growth?: Military Procurement and Technolog y Development (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 21–27.
6 Robert Solow, “Growth and After,” Nobel Prize lecture, November 18, 1987; Steven Koonin, “From Energy Innovation to Energy Transformation,” pp. 4, 8–10 (scrubbers); MIT Energy Initiative, The Future of Natural Gas: Interim Report (Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 2010) (coal bed methane).
7 DOE, “DOE Nobel Laureates” and “Laboratories,” U.S. Department of Energy.
8 Secretary of Energy Advisory Board, Task Force on Strategic Energy R&D, Energy R&D: Shaping Our Nation’s Future in a Competitive World (Washington, DC: GPO, 1995), p. 1 (“deficit”); Kelly Gallagher, Ambuj Sagar, Diane Segal, Paul de Sa, and John P. Holdren, “DOE Budget Authority for Energy, Research, Development, and Demonstration Database,” Ending the Energy Stalemate: A Bipartisan Strategy to Meet America’s Energy Challenges (Washington, DC: National Commission on Energy Policy, 2004) (low point).
9 Interview with William Draper III, Commanding Heights, PBS; New York Times, June 26, 1989 (“adventure capital”).
10 Spencer E. Ante, Creative Capital: Georges Doriot and the Birth of Venture Capital (Boston: Harvard Business Press, 2008), pp. 80–88, 198.
11 Interview with Samuel Bodman; Ante, Creative Capital, pp. 109, 126 (“peaceful life”), 198; Charter of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, at http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/charter.html.
12 David Packard, The HP Way (New York: Collins Business Essentials, 1995), p. 22.
13 Tom Perkins, Valley Boy: The Education of Tom Perkins (New York: Gotham Books, 2007); interview with Ray Lane.
14 Interview with Nancy Floyd.
15 Interview with Ira Ehrenpreis.
16 Interview with Ray Lane; Kleiner Perkins, “MoneyTree Report,” PricewaterhouseCoopers, January 21, 2011, at https://www.pwcmoneytree.com/MTPublic/ns/moneytree/filesource/exhibits/1....
17 Interview with Robert Metcalfe; Susan Hockfield, Inaugural Address, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, May 6, 2005, at http://web.mit.edu/hockfield/speeches/2005-inaugural-address.html.
18 Steven Koonin, “From Energy Innovation to Energy Transformation,” p. 6 (“decades”); interviews with Ray Lane and Ernest Moniz.
19 Steven Chu, speech, CERAWeek, March 9, 2010; interview with Matt Rogers; U.S. Secretary of Energy Advisory Board Meeting, TK, p.16 (“rolling the dice”); President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, Accelerating the Pace of Change in Energy Technologies Through an Integrated Federal Energy Policy (Washington, DC: Office of the President, 2010), pp. 3–5.
20 President’s Council of Advisors, Accelerating the Pace of Change in Energy Technologies through an Integrated Federal Energy Policy, pp. 13–14 (comparative funding). ARPA-E was proposed in the influential National Academies: report, Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2007).
Chapter 29: Alchemy of Shining Light
1 Walter Isaacson, Einstein: The Life of a Genius (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), ch. 4 (“lazy dog”); Albrecht Folsing, Albert Einstein: A Biography, tr. Ewald Osers (New York: Penguin, 1997), pp. 77, 95 (“exceedingly thorough,” “depressed”).
2 John Stachel, ed., Einstein’s Miraculous Year: Five Papers That Changed the Face of Physics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), pp. 177–98; Isaacson, Einstein, pp. 94–101.
3 Interview with Jean Posbic (“explained it all”).
4 Interview with Ernest Moniz.
5 John Perlin, From Space to Earth: The Story of Solar Electricity (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002), p. 18 (Siemens).
6 Albert Einstein, Nobel Prize in Physics, 1921, at http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/.
7 Perlin, From Space to Earth, pp. 4, 25–26, 31, 202; New York Times, April 26, 1954 (“almost limitless”); Time, October 17, 1955.
8 Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier and President (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984), chs. 18, 19; Deborah Cadbury, Space Race: The Epic Battle Between America and the Soviet Union for Dominion of Space (New York: HarperPerennial, 2006), p. 173 (“Kaputnik”).
9 Perlin, From Space to Earth, pp. 41–44 (“roofs”); John Perlin, “Solar Power: The Slow Revolution,” Invention and Technology 18, no. 1 (2002).
10 Interview with Peter Varadi; Peter Varadi, lecture, 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, June 7–11, 2004.
11 Interview with Paul Maycock.
12 Interview with Paul Maycock.
13 Interview with Peter Varadi.
14 Interviews with Naohiro Amaya (“very apprehensive”) and Taichi Sakaiya; Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1991), p. 688 (Ginza).
15 Paul D. Maycock and Edward N. Stirewalt, A Guide to the Photovoltaic Revolution: Sunlight to Electricity in One Step (Emmaus: Rodale, 1985), pp. 67–69.
16 Sanyo Corporation, “Solar Global Site,” at http://www.sanyo.com/solar/history/index.html; Sharp Corporation, “Solar Global Website,” at http://sharp-solar.com/index.html; International Energy Agency, “National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Japan 2002,” May 2003 (“solar roofs”); interview with Atul Arya (“shocked”).
17 Interviews with Jean Posbic, Hermann Scheer, and