The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker Page 0,458

expander: Hunt, 2007; Mar & Oatley, 2008; Mar et al., 2006; Nussbaum, 1997, 2006.

64. Empathizers read fiction: Mar et al., 2006.

65. Confusing fact with fiction: Strange, 2002.

66. Empathy for a fictitious character and his group: Batson, Chang, Orr, & Rowland, 2008.

67. Fiction as a moral laboratory: Hakemulder, 2000.

68. The dark side of empathy: Batson et al., 2005a; Batson et al., 1995a; Batson, Klein, Highberger, & Shaw, 1995b; Prinz, in press.

69. Empathy subverts fairness: Batson et al., 1995b.

70. Empathy and public goods: Batson et al., 1995a.

71. Ephemeral benefits from empathy: Batson et al., 2005a, p. 373.

72. Utopia versus human nature: Pinker, 2002.

73. Burnout and fatigue from excess empathy: Batson et al., 2005a.

74. Lebanon war as a lapse of self-control: Mueller & Lustick, 2008.

75. The logic of self-control: Ainslie, 2001; Daly & Wilson, 2000; Kirby & Herrnstein, 1995; Schelling, 1978, 1984, 2006.

76. Ancestral versus modern discounting rates: Daly & Wilson, 1983, 2000, 2005; Wilson & Daly, 1997.

77. Myopic retirement planning: Akerlof, 1984; Frank, 1988.

78. Libertarian paternalism: Thaler & Sunstein, 2008.

79. Myopic discounting: Ainslie, 2001; Kirby & Herrnstein, 1995.

80. Hyperbolic discounting: Ainslie, 2001; Kirby & Herrnstein, 1995.

81. Hyperbolic discounting as composite of two mechanisms: Pinker, 1997, p. 396; Laibson, 1997.

82. Two selves: Schelling, 1984, p. 58.

83. Hot and cool brain systems: Metcalfe & Mischel, 1999.

84. Limbic grasshopper and frontal lobe ant: McClure, Laibson, Loewenstein, & Cohen, 2004.

85. Frontal lobes: Fuster, 2008.

86. Frontal lobes in temporal discounting: Shamosh et al., 2008.

87. Gage and his modern counterparts: Anderson et al., 1999; Damasio, 1994; Macmillan, 2000; Raine, 2008; Raine et al., 2000; Scarpa & Raine, 2007.

88. Cortical expansion during evolution: Hill et al., 2010.

89. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in cost-benefit analyses: Greene et al., 2001; McClure et al., 2004.

90. Frontal pole: Gilbert et al., 2006; Koechlin & Hyafil, 2007; L. Helmuth, “Brain model puts most sophisticated regions front and center,” Science, 302, p. 1133.

91. Limbic and prefrontal responses in batterers: Lee, Chan, & Raine, 2008.

92. Importance of intelligence: Gottfredson, 1997a, 1997b; Neisser et al., 1996.

93. Marshmallow test: Metcalfe & Mischel, 1999; Mischel et al., in press.

94. Shallow discounting and life outcomes: Chabris et al., 2008; Duckworth & Seligman, 2005; Kirby, Winston, & Santiesteban, 2005.

95. Self-reports on self-control: Tangney, Baumeister, & Boone, 2004.

96. Benefits of self-control: Tangney et al., 2004.

97. Crime and self-control: Gottfredson, 2007; Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990; Wilson & Herrnstein, 1985.

98. Delay of gratification and aggression: Rodriguez, Mischel, & Shoda, 1989.

99. Teacher ratings of impulsiveness and aggressiveness: Dewall et al., 2007; Tangney et al., 2004.

100. Longitudinal study of temperament: Caspi, 2000. See also Beaver, DeLisi, Vaughn, & Wright, 2008.

101. Violent and nonviolent crimes correlated in New Zealand sample: Caspi et al., 2002.

102. Maturation of frontal lobes: Fuster, 2008, pp. 17–19.

103. Delay discounting doesn’t correlate with juvenile delinquency: Wilson & Daly, 2006.

104. Sensation-seeking peaks at eighteen: Romer, Duckworth, Sznitman, & Park, 2010.

105. Testosterone: Archer, 2006b.

106. Pushes and pulls in adolescent brains: Romer et al., 2010.

107. All psychological traits are heritable: Bouchard & McGue, 2003; Harris, 1998/2008; McCrae et al., 2000; Pinker, 2002; Plomin, DeFries, McClearn, & McGuffin, 2008; Turkheimer, 2000.

108. Self-control correlated with intelligence: Burks, Carpenter, Goette, & Rustichini, 2009; Shamosh & Gray, 2008. Self-control and intelligence in the frontal lobes: Shamosh et al., 2008.

109. Intelligence and committing crimes: Herrnstein & Murray, 1994; Neisser et al., 1996. Intelligence and getting murdered: Batty, Deary, Tengstrom, & Rasmussen, 2008.

110. Heritability of ADHD and links to crime: Beaver et al., 2008; Wright & Beaver, 2005.

111. Force dynamics metaphor and self-control: Talmy, 2000; Pinker, 2007b, chap. 4.

112. Fatiguing self-control: Baumeister et al., 1998; quote from p. 1254.

113. Ego depletion studies: Baumeister et al., 1998; Baumeister, Gailliot, Dewall, & Oaten, 2006; Dewall et al., 2007; Gailliot & Baumeister, 2007; Gailliot et al., 2007; Hagger, Wood, Stiff, & Chatzisarantis, 2010.

114. Self-control masks individual differences: Baumeister et al., 2006.

115. Self-control and male sexuality: Gailliot & Baumeister, 2007.

116. Ego depletion and violence: Dewall et al., 2007.

117. Heritability of height: Weedon & Frayling, 2008.

118. Odyssean self-control: Schelling, 1984, 2006.

119. Self-control strategies in children: Metcalfe & Mischel, 1999.

120. Discounting rate as an internal variable: Daly & Wilson, 2000, 2005; Wilson & Daly, 1997, 2006.

121. Self-control and glucose: Gailliot et al., 2007.

122. Alcohol and violence: Baumeister, 1997; Bushman, 1997. Nutritional supplements in prisons: J. Bohannon, “The theory? Diet causes violence. The lab? Prison,” Science, 325, Sept. 25, 2009.

123. Exercising the will: Baumeister et al., 2006.

124. Fashions in self-control and dignity: Eisner, 2008; Wiener, 2004; Wouters, 2007.

125. Children’s interest rates: Clark, 2007a, p. 171.

126. Variation across cultures: Hofstede & Hofstede, 2010.

127. Long-term Orientation and homicide: The correlation between Long-Term