The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker Page 0,459

Orientation and homicide rates across the 95 countries for which data are available is −0.325. The correlation between Indulgence and homicide is 0.25. Both are statistically significant. Long-Term Orientation and Indulgence scores are taken from http://www.geerthofstede.nl/research-vsm/dimension-data-matrix.aspx. Homicide data are the high estimates taken from International homicide statistics figures, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2009.

128. Lactose tolerance in adulthood: Tishkoff et al., 2006.

129. Yanomamö killers: Chagnon, 1988; Chagnon, 1997. Jivaro killers: Redmond, 1994.

130. Assumption of little recent evolutionary change: Pinker, 1997; Tooby & Cosmides, 1990a, 1990b.

131. Psychic unity of humankind: Brown, 1991, 2000; Tooby & Cosmides, 1990a, 1992.

132. Mechanics of natural selection: Maynard Smith, 1998.

133. Quantitative and single-gene evolution and evolutionary psychology: Tooby & Cosmides, 1990a.

134. Genomic tests of selection: Akey, 2009; Kreitman, 2000; Przeworski, Hudson, & Di Rienzo, 2000.

135. Recent selection in humans: Akey, 2009, p. 717.

136. Selective breeding of aggression in mice: Cairns, Gariépy, & Hood, 1990.

137. Measuring heritability: Plomin et al., 2008; Pinker, 2002, chap. 19.

138. Danish adoption study: Mednick, Gabrielli, & Hutchings, 1984.

139. Measures of aggression correlate with violent crime: Caspi et al., 2002; Guo, Roettger, & Cai, 2008b.

140. Heritability of aggression: Plomin et al., 2008, chap. 13; Bouchard & McGue, 2003; Eley, Lichtenstein, & Stevenson, 1999; Ligthart et al., 2005; Lykken, 1995; Raine, 2002; Rhee & Waldman, 2007; Rowe, 2002; Slutske et al., 1997; van Beijsterveldt, Bartels, Hudziak, & Boomsma, 2003; van den Oord, Boomsma, & Verhulst, 1994.

141. Aggression in separated twins: Bouchard & McGue, 2003, table 6.

142. Aggression in adoptees: van den Oord et al., 1994; see also Rhee & Waldman, 2007.

143. Aggression in twins: Cloninger & Gottesman, 1987; Eley et al., 1999; Ligthart et al., 2005; Rhee & Waldman, 2007; Slutske et al., 1997; van Beijsterveldt et al., 2003.

144. Meta-analysis of behavioral genetics of aggression: Rhee & Waldman, 2007.

145. Violent crime in twins: Cloninger & Gottesman, 1987.

146. Pedomorphy and self-domestication: Wrangham, 2009b; Wrangham & Pilbeam, 2001.

147. Heritability of gray matter distribution: Thompson et al., 2001.

148. Heritability of white matter connectivity: Chiang et al., 2009.

149. Making voles monogamous: McGraw & Young, 2010.

150. Testosterone and aggressive challenges: Archer, 2006b; Dabbs & Dabbs, 2000.

151. Testosterone receptor variation: Rajender et al., 2008; Roney, Simmons, & Lukaszewski, 2009.

152. MAO-A knockout and violence in humans: Brunner et al., 1993.

153. MAO-A variants and aggression: Alia-Klein et al., 2008; Caspi et al., 2002; Guo, Ou, Roettger, & Shih, 2008a; Guo et al., 2008b; McDermott et al., 2009; Meyer-Lindenberg, 2006.

154. MAO-A specific to violence: N. Alia-Klein, quoted in Holden, 2008, p. 894; Alia-Klein et al., 2008.

155. Effects of MAO-A depend on experience: Caspi et al., 2002; Guo et al., 2008b.

156. Modulating factor for MAO-A may be other genes: Harris, 2006; Guo et al., 2008b, p. 548.

157. Selection of MAO-A gene: Gilad, 2002.

158. Dopamine receptor & transporter genes: Guo et al., 2008b; Guo, Roettger, & Shih, 2007.

159. No evidence cited of recent selection of genes for behavior: Cochran & Harpending, 2009. See also Wade, 2006.

160. Warrior Gene furor: Holden, 2008; Lea & Chambers, 2007; Merriman & Cameron, 2007.

161. Problems for the Warrior Gene hypothesis: Merriman & Cameron, 2007.

162. Failure to replicate MAO-A–violence link in nonwhites: Widom & Brzustowicz, 2006.

163. “Genetically Capitalist?”: Clark, 2007b, p. 1. See also Clark, 2007a, p. 187.

164. Problems for Genetically Capitalist theory: Betzig, 2007; Bowles, 2007; Pomeranz, 2008.

165. Morality as a matter of fact: Harris, 2010; Nagel, 1970; Railton, 1986; Sayre-McCord, 1988.

166. Moralized versus nonmoralized preferences: Haidt, 2002; Rozin, 1997; Rozin et al., 1997.

167. Moral rationalization: Bandura, 1999; Baumeister, 1997.

168. Unjustified norms in moral development: Kohlberg, 1981.

169. Moral dumbfounding: Haidt, 2001.

170. Cross-culturally recurring moral themes: Fiske, 1991; Haidt, 2007; Rai & Fiske, 2011; Shweder et al., 1997.

171. Three ethics: Shweder et al., 1997.

172. Five foundations: Haidt, 2007.

173. Four relational models: Fiske, 1991, 1992, 2004a, 2004b; Haslam, 2004; Rai & Fiske, 2011.

174. Ritual gift exchange: Mauss, 1924/1990.

175. Harm/Care judgments track Fairness/Reciprocity judgments: Haidt, 2007.

176. Why Harm/Care to strangers equals Fairness/Reciprocity: Axelrod, 1984/2006; Trivers, 1971.

177. Extension of Market Pricing to formal institutions: Pinker, 2007b, chaps. 8 & 9; Lee & Pinker, 2010; Pinker et al., 2008; Pinker, 2010.

178. Rational-Legal reasoning and Market Pricing: Fiske, 1991, pp. 435, 47; Fiske, 2004b, p. 17.

179. Grammar of social and moral norms: Fiske, 2004b.

180. Nonmoralized social norms: Fiske, 2004b.

181. Norms in Shasta County: Ellickson, 1991.

182. Not “getting” social norms: Fiske & Tetlock, 1999; Tetlock, 1999.

183. Sacred values and the psychology of taboo: Fiske & Tetlock, 1999; Tetlock, 1999; Tetlock et al., 2000.

184. Rationale for taboos: Fiske & Tetlock, 1999; Tetlock, 2003.

185. Reframing taboo tradeoffs: Fiske & Tetlock, 1997; McGraw & Tetlock, 2005; Tetlock, 1999,