The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker Page 0,457

de Waal, 2009.

2. Empathic civilization: Rifkin, 2009. Excerpt from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeremy-rifkin/the-empathic-civilization_b_....

3. Building peace one child at a time: Gordon, 2009.

4. Faculties of peaceful coexistence: Dawkins, 1976/1989; McCullough, 2008; Nowak, 2006; Ridley, 1997.

5. Sentiments of virtue: Hume, 1751/2004.

6. Titchener on empathy: Titchener, 1909/1973.

7. Popularity of empathy, willpower, self-control: Based on an analysis of Google Books by the Bookworm program, Michel et al., 2011; see the caption to figure 7–1.

8. Meanings of empathy: Batson, Ahmad, Lishmer, & Tsang, 2002; Hoffman, 2000; Keen, 2007; Preston & de Waal, 2002.

9. James on sympathy and fox terriers: James, 1977.

10. Senses of empathy: Batson et al., 2002; Hoffman, 2000; Keen, 2007; Preston & de Waal, 2002.

11. Empathy as mind-reading: Baron-Cohen, 1995.

12. Dissociability of reading thoughts and emotions: Blair & Perschardt, 2002.

13. Psychopaths read but don’t feel emotions: Hare, 1993; Mealey & Kinner, 2002.

14. Empathy versus distress at others’ suffering: Batson et al., 2002.

15. Emotional contagion: Preston & de Waal, 2002.

16. Sympathy not the same as contagion: Bandura, 2002.

17. Discovery of mirror neurons: di Pellegrino, Fadiga, Fogassi, Gallese, & Rizzolatti, 1992.

18. Possible mirror neurons in humans: Iacoboni et al., 1999.

19. Mirror mania: Iacoboni, 2008; J. Lehrer, “Built to be fans,” Seed, Feb. 10, 2006, pp. 119–20; C. Buckley, “Why our hero leapt onto the tracks and we might not,” New York Times, Jan. 7, 2007; S. Vedantam, “How brain’s ‘mirrors’ aid our social understanding,” Washington Post, Sept. 25, 2006.

20. Mirror neurons as DNA: Ramachandran, 2000.

21. Nasty macaques: McCullough, 2008, p. 125.

22. Empathy in the brain: Lamm, Batson, & Decety, 2007; Moll, de Oliveira-Souza, & Eslinger, 2003; Moll, Zahn, de Oliveira-Souza, Krueger, & Grafman, 2005.

23. Skepticism about mirror neurons: Csibra, 2008; Alison Gopnik, 2007; Hickok, 2009; Hurford, 2004; Jacob & Jeannerod, 2005.

24. Overlap in insula: Singer et al., 2006; Wicker et al., 2003.

25. No overlap in insula when feeling revenge: Singer et al., 2006.

26. Counterempathy in competition: Lanzetta & Englis, 1989.

27. Empathy in the brain: Lamm et al., 2007.

28. Atlas of empathy: Damasio, 1994; Lamm et al., 2007; Moll et al., 2003; Moll et al., 2005; Raine, 2008.

29. Oxytocin: Pfaff, 2007.

30. Maternal care as precursor to sympathy: Batson et al., 2002; Batson, Lishner, Cook, & Sawyer, 2005.

31. Oxytocin induces trust: Kosfeld et al., 2005; Zak, Stanton, Ahmadi, & Brosnan, 2007.

32. Cuteness: Lorenz, 1950/1971.

33. Babies exploit cuteness response: Hrdy, 1999.

34. Evolution of Mickey Mouse: Gould, 1980.

35. Dangerous Mick: B. Barnes, “After Mickey’s makeover, less Mr. Nice Guy,” New York Times, Nov. 4, 2009.

36. Baby-faced litigants: Zebrowitz & McDonald, 1991.

37. Ugly children punished more: Berkowitz & Frodi, 1979.

38. Unattractive adults judged more harshly: Etcoff, 1999.

39. Forgiveness, sympathy, guilt: Baumeister et al., 1994; Hoffman, 2000; McCullough, 2008; McCullough et al., 2010.

40. Communal versus exchange relationships: Baumeister et al., 1994; Clark, Mills, & Powell, 1986; Fiske, 1991; Fiske, 1992, 2004a.

41. Taboos in communal relationships: Fiske & Tetlock, 1997; McGraw & Tetlock, 2005.

42. Modicum of sympathy to strangers as default: Axelrod, 1984/2006; Baumeister et al., 1994; Trivers, 1971.

43. Toddlers aid and comfort people in distress: Warneken & Tomasello, 2007; Zahn-Waxler, Radke-Yarrow, Wagner, & Chapman, 1992.

44. Sympathy for those in need: Batson et al., 2005b.

45. Similarity matters: Preston & de Waal, 2002, p. 16; Batson, Turk, Shaw, & Klein, 1995c.

46. Shared traits and relief from shock: Krebs, 1975.

47. Empathy-altruism hypothesis: Batson & Ahmad, 2001; Batson et al., 2002; Batson, Ahmad, & Stocks, 2005a; Batson, Duncan, Ackerman, Buckley, & Birch, 1981; Batson et al., 1988; Krebs, 1975.

48. Psychological definition of altruism: Batson et al., 2002; Batson et al., 1981; Batson et al., 1988.

49. Evolutionary definition of altruism: Dawkins, 1976/1989; Hamilton, 1963; Maynard Smith, 1982.

50. Confusions about altruism: Pinker, 1997, chaps. 1, 6; Pinker, 2006.

51. Empathy-altruism hypotheses: Batson & Ahmad, 2001; Batson et al., 2002; Batson et al., 2005a; Batson et al., 1981; Batson et al., 1988.

52. Batson’s empathy-altruism research: Batson et al., 2002; Batson et al., 2005a.

53. Similarity, empathy, and ease of escape: Batson et al., 1981.

54. Empathy and social acceptability: Batson et al., 1988.

55. Empathy and a one-shot Prisoner’s Dilemma: Batson & Moran, 1999.

56. Empathy and an iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma: Batson & Ahmad, 2001.

57. Empathy from superordinate goals, and in conflict resolution workshops: Batson et al., 2005a, pp. 367–68; Stephan & Finlay, 1999.

58. Sympathy toward groups via perspective-taking: Batson et al., 1997.

59. Taking a victim’s perspective induces altruism: Batson et al., 1988.

60. Taking a victim’s perspective induces altruism toward group: Batson et al., 1997.

61. Sympathy for convicted murderers: Batson et al., 1997.

62. George Eliot on empathy through fiction: From “The natural history of German life,” quoted in Keen, 2007, p. 54.

63. Fiction as an empathy