de Waal, 2009.
2. Empathic civilization: Rifkin, 2009. Excerpt from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeremy-rifkin/the-empathic-civilization_b_... .
3. Building peace one child at a time: Gordon, 2009.
4. Faculties of peaceful coexistence: Dawkins, 1976/1989; McCullough, 2008; Nowak, 2006; Ridley, 1997.
5. Sentiments of virtue: Hume, 1751/2004.
6. Titchener on empathy: Titchener, 1909/1973.
7. Popularity of empathy, willpower, self-control: Based on an analysis of Google Books by the Bookworm program, Michel et al., 2011; see the caption to figure 7–1.
8. Meanings of empathy: Batson, Ahmad, Lishmer, & Tsang, 2002; Hoffman, 2000; Keen, 2007; Preston & de Waal, 2002.
9. James on sympathy and fox terriers: James, 1977.
10. Senses of empathy: Batson et al., 2002; Hoffman, 2000; Keen, 2007; Preston & de Waal, 2002.
11. Empathy as mind-reading: Baron-Cohen, 1995.
12. Dissociability of reading thoughts and emotions: Blair & Perschardt, 2002.
13. Psychopaths read but don’t feel emotions: Hare, 1993; Mealey & Kinner, 2002.
14. Empathy versus distress at others’ suffering: Batson et al., 2002.
15. Emotional contagion: Preston & de Waal, 2002.
16. Sympathy not the same as contagion: Bandura, 2002.
17. Discovery of mirror neurons: di Pellegrino, Fadiga, Fogassi, Gallese, & Rizzolatti, 1992.
18. Possible mirror neurons in humans: Iacoboni et al., 1999.
19. Mirror mania: Iacoboni, 2008; J. Lehrer, “Built to be fans,” Seed, Feb. 10, 2006, pp. 119–20; C. Buckley, “Why our hero leapt onto the tracks and we might not,” New York Times, Jan. 7, 2007; S. Vedantam, “How brain’s ‘mirrors’ aid our social understanding,” Washington Post, Sept. 25, 2006.
20. Mirror neurons as DNA: Ramachandran, 2000.
21. Nasty macaques: McCullough, 2008, p. 125.
22. Empathy in the brain: Lamm, Batson, & Decety, 2007; Moll, de Oliveira-Souza, & Eslinger, 2003; Moll, Zahn, de Oliveira-Souza, Krueger, & Grafman, 2005.
23. Skepticism about mirror neurons: Csibra, 2008; Alison Gopnik, 2007; Hickok, 2009; Hurford, 2004; Jacob & Jeannerod, 2005.
24. Overlap in insula: Singer et al., 2006; Wicker et al., 2003.
25. No overlap in insula when feeling revenge: Singer et al., 2006.
26. Counterempathy in competition: Lanzetta & Englis, 1989.
27. Empathy in the brain: Lamm et al., 2007.
28. Atlas of empathy: Damasio, 1994; Lamm et al., 2007; Moll et al., 2003; Moll et al., 2005; Raine, 2008.
29. Oxytocin: Pfaff, 2007.
30. Maternal care as precursor to sympathy: Batson et al., 2002; Batson, Lishner, Cook, & Sawyer, 2005.
31. Oxytocin induces trust: Kosfeld et al., 2005; Zak, Stanton, Ahmadi, & Brosnan, 2007.
32. Cuteness: Lorenz, 1950/1971.
33. Babies exploit cuteness response: Hrdy, 1999.
34. Evolution of Mickey Mouse: Gould, 1980.
35. Dangerous Mick: B. Barnes, “After Mickey’s makeover, less Mr. Nice Guy,” New York Times, Nov. 4, 2009.
36. Baby-faced litigants: Zebrowitz & McDonald, 1991.
37. Ugly children punished more: Berkowitz & Frodi, 1979.
38. Unattractive adults judged more harshly: Etcoff, 1999.
39. Forgiveness, sympathy, guilt: Baumeister et al., 1994; Hoffman, 2000; McCullough, 2008; McCullough et al., 2010.
40. Communal versus exchange relationships: Baumeister et al., 1994; Clark, Mills, & Powell, 1986; Fiske, 1991; Fiske, 1992, 2004a.
41. Taboos in communal relationships: Fiske & Tetlock, 1997; McGraw & Tetlock, 2005.
42. Modicum of sympathy to strangers as default: Axelrod, 1984/2006; Baumeister et al., 1994; Trivers, 1971.
43. Toddlers aid and comfort people in distress: Warneken & Tomasello, 2007; Zahn-Waxler, Radke-Yarrow, Wagner, & Chapman, 1992.
44. Sympathy for those in need: Batson et al., 2005b.
45. Similarity matters: Preston & de Waal, 2002, p. 16; Batson, Turk, Shaw, & Klein, 1995c.
46. Shared traits and relief from shock: Krebs, 1975.
47. Empathy-altruism hypothesis: Batson & Ahmad, 2001; Batson et al., 2002; Batson, Ahmad, & Stocks, 2005a; Batson, Duncan, Ackerman, Buckley, & Birch, 1981; Batson et al., 1988; Krebs, 1975.
48. Psychological definition of altruism: Batson et al., 2002; Batson et al., 1981; Batson et al., 1988.
49. Evolutionary definition of altruism: Dawkins, 1976/1989; Hamilton, 1963; Maynard Smith, 1982.
50. Confusions about altruism: Pinker, 1997, chaps. 1, 6; Pinker, 2006.
51. Empathy-altruism hypotheses: Batson & Ahmad, 2001; Batson et al., 2002; Batson et al., 2005a; Batson et al., 1981; Batson et al., 1988.
52. Batson’s empathy-altruism research: Batson et al., 2002; Batson et al., 2005a.
53. Similarity, empathy, and ease of escape: Batson et al., 1981.
54. Empathy and social acceptability: Batson et al., 1988.
55. Empathy and a one-shot Prisoner’s Dilemma: Batson & Moran, 1999.
56. Empathy and an iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma: Batson & Ahmad, 2001.
57. Empathy from superordinate goals, and in conflict resolution workshops: Batson et al., 2005a, pp. 367–68; Stephan & Finlay, 1999.
58. Sympathy toward groups via perspective-taking: Batson et al., 1997.
59. Taking a victim’s perspective induces altruism: Batson et al., 1988.
60. Taking a victim’s perspective induces altruism toward group: Batson et al., 1997.
61. Sympathy for convicted murderers: Batson et al., 1997.
62. George Eliot on empathy through fiction: From “The natural history of German life,” quoted in Keen, 2007, p. 54.
63. Fiction as an empathy
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