The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker Page 0,456

2009.

220. Occasional justifiability of torture: Levinson, 2004a; Posner, 2004; Walzer, 2004.

221. Ineffectiveness of most torture: A. Grafton, “Say anything,” New Republic, Nov. 5, 2008.

222. Execution as entertainment: Tuchman, 1978.

223. Serial killers versus mass murderers: Schechter, 2003.

224. More serial murder scholars than serial murderers: Fox & Levin, 1999, p. 166.

225. Decline in the number of serial killers: C. Beam, “Blood loss: The decline of the serial killer,” Slate, Jan. 5, 2011.

226. Number of serial killers and victims: Fox & Levin, 1999, p. 167; J. A. Fox, cited in Schechter, 2003, p. 286.

227. No identifiable cause of serial killers: Schechter, 2003.

228. Morbid fascination: Nell, 2006; Tiger, 2006; Baumeister, 1997.

229. Sadism as dominance: Potegal, 2006.

230. Schadenfreude in the scanner: Takahashi et al., 2009.

231. Revenge turns off empathy: Singer et al., 2006. Revenge requires knowledge of victim’s awareness: Gollwitzer & Denzler, 2009.

232. More M than S: Baumeister, 1997; Baumeister & Campbell, 1999.

233. Intertwined circuits for sex and aggression: Panksepp, 1998.

234. Gun as hard-on: Quoted in Thayer, 2004, p. 191.

235. Killing as orgasm: Quoted in Baumeister, 1997, p. 224.

236. Martyrologies: Gallonio, 1903/2004; Puppi, 1990.

237. Women in peril in macabre entertainment: Schechter, 2005.

238. Aroused during flogging: Theweleit, 1977/1987, quoted in deMause, 2002, p. 217.

239. Male serial killers: Schechter, 2003, p. 31.

240. Female serial killers: Schechter, 2003, p. 31.

241. Guilt is anticipatory: Baumeister, 1997, chap. 10; Baumeister et al., 1994.

242. Prohibitions of torture: Levinson, 2004b.

243. Torture warrants: Dershowitz, 2004b.

244. Response to torture warrants: Dershowitz, 2004b; Levinson, 2004a.

245. Taboo against torture is useful: Levinson, 2004a; Posner, 2004.

246. Aversiveness of conspecifics in pain: de Waal, 1996; Preston & de Waal, 2002.

247. Reasons for aversiveness of pain displays: Hauser, 2000, pp. 219–23.

248. Anxiety while hurting others: Milgram, 1974.

249. Trolley Problem: Greene & Haidt, 2002; Greene et al., 2001.

250. Aversion to direct violence: Collins, 2008.

251. Ordinary Germans: Browning, 1992.

252. Nausea not soul-searching: Baumeister, 1997, p. 211.

253. Distinguishing fiction from reality: Sperber, 2000.

254. Blunted emotions in psychopathy: Blair, 2004; Hare, 1993; Raine et al., 2000.

255. Variability among guards: Baumeister, 1997, chap. 7.

256. Sadism as an acquired taste: Baumeister, 1997, chap. 7; Baumeister & Campbell, 1999.

257. Escalating sadism and serial killers: Baumeister, 1997; Schechter, 2003.

258. Opponent-process theory of motivation: Solomon, 1980.

259. Sadism and opponent-process theory: Baumeister, 1997, chap. 7; Baumeister & Campbell, 1999.

260. Benign masochism: Rozin, 1996. Benign masochism as an adaptation: Pinker, 1997, pp. 389, 540.

261. Ideological violence: Baumeister, 1997, chap. 6; Chirot & McCauley, 2006; Glover, 1999; Goldhagen, 2009; Kiernan, 2007; Valentino, 2004.

262. I thank Jennifer Sheehy-Skeffington for this insight.

263. Group polarization: Myers & Lamm, 1976.

264. Groupthink: Janis, 1982.

265. Group animosity: Hoyle, Pinkley, & Insko, 1989; see also Baumeister, 1997, 193–94.

266. Obedience experiments: Milgram, 1974.

267. Fact and fiction about Kitty Genovese: Manning, Levine, & Collins, 2007. Bystander apathy: Latané & Darley, 1970.

268. Stanford Prison Experiment: Zimbardo, 2007; Zimbardo, Maslach, & Haney, 2000.

269. No Germans punished for disobedience: Goldhagen, 2009.

270. Milgram replication: Burger, 2009. See Reicher & Haslam, 2006, for a partial replication of the Stanford Prison Experiment, but with too many differences to allow a test of trends over time.

271. Obedience might be even lower: Twenge, 2009.

272. Advantages of conformity: Deutsch & Gerard, 1955.

273. Positive feedback loops in popularity: Salganik, Dodds, & Watts, 2006.

274. Pluralistic ignorance: Centola, Willer, & Macy, 2005; Willer et al., 2009.

275. Spiral of silence and Basque terrorism: Spencer & Croucher, 2008.

276. Asch conformity experiment: Asch, 1956.

277. Enforcement and pluralistic ignorance: Centola et al., 2005; Willer et al., 2009.

278. Too terrified to stop clapping: Glover, 1999, p. 242.

279. Thought control in Maoist China: Glover, 1999, pp. 292–93.

280. Simulated pluralistic ignorance: Centola et al., 2005.

281. Growth of fascism: Payne, 2005.

282. Six degrees of separation: Travers & Milgram, 1969.

283. Pluralistic ignorance in the lab: Willer et al., 2009.

284. Sokal Hoax: Sokal, 2000.

285. Cognitive dissonance: Festinger, 1957.

286. Moral disengagement: Bandura, 1999; Bandura, Underwood, & Fromson, 1975; Kelman, 1973; Milgram, 1974; Zimbardo, 2007; Baumeister, 1997, part 3.

287. Politics and the English Language: Orwell, 1946/1970.

288. Burke: Quoted in Nunberg, 2006, p. 20.

289. Euphemism, framing, and plausible deniability: Pinker, 2007b; Pinker et al., 2008.

290. Gradual slide into barbarism: Glover, 1999; Baumeister, 1997, chaps. 8 and 9.

291. Milgram experiment as Escalation game: Katz, 1987.

292. Diffusion of responsibility: Bandura et al., 1975; Milgram, 1974.

293. Diffusion of responsibility in military units and bureaucracies: Arendt, 1963; Baumeister, 1997; Browning, 1992; Glover, 1999.

294. Resistance to up-close harm: Greene, in press.

295. Psychic numbing through large numbers: Slovic, 2007.

296. Derogating the victim: Bandura et al., 1975.

297. Advantageous comparison: Bandura, 1999; Gabor, 1994.

298. A little psychology goes a long way: See also Kahneman & Renshon, 2007.

Chapter 9: Better Angels

1. Age of empathy: