The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker Page 0,455

gap in presidential elections: “Exit polls, 1980–2008,” New York Times, http://elections.nytimes.com/2008/results/president/exit-polls.html.

154. Gender gap smaller than society gap: Goldstein, 2001, pp. 329–30.

155. Feminist gap in the Middle East: Goldstein, 2001, pp. 329–30.

156. Treatment of women and war across cultures: Goldstein, 2001, pp. 396–99.

157. Women and war in modern countries: Goldstein, 2001, p. 399.

158. Women’s empowerment and rootless men: Hudson & den Boer, 2002; Potts & Hayden, 2008.

159. Dominance jargon: Google Books, analyzed by Bookworm (see the caption to figure 7–1), Michel et al., 2011.

160. Glorious and honorable: Google Books, analyzed by Bookworm (see the caption to figure 7–1), Michel et al., 2011.

161. “glow in our eyes”: Quoted in Daly & Wilson, 1988, p. 228.

162. “developing wings”: Quoted in J. Diamond, “Vengeance is ours,” New Yorker, Apr. 21, 2008.

163. “hot with . . . joy”: Quoted in Daly & Wilson, 1988, p. 230.

164. Universality of revenge: McCullough, 2008, pp. 74–76; Daly & Wilson, 1988, pp. 221–27. Revenge in tribal warfare: Chagnon, 1997; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Keeley, 1996; Wiessner, 2006.

165. Revenge in homicides, shootings, bombings: McCullough et al., 2010.

166. Revenge in terrorism, riots, and wars: Atran, 2003; Horowitz, 2001; Mueller, 2006.

167. Declaring war in anger: Luard, 1986, p. 269.

168. Cataclysmic fury: G. Prange, quoted in Mueller, 2006, p. 59.

169. Alternatives to reprisal not considered after Pearl Harbor or 9/11: Mueller, 2006.

170. Bin Laden: “Full text: Bin Laden’s ‘Letter to America,’ ” Observer, Nov. 24, 2002; http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver.

171. Revenge fantasies: Buss, 2005; Kenrick & Sheets, 1994.

172. Revenge in the lab: McCullough, 2008.

173. Drinking to salve frustrated revenge: Giancola, 2000.

174. Rage circuit: Panksepp, 1998.

175. Anger in the insula: Sanfey et al., 2003.

176. Neuroscience of revenge: de Quervain et al., 2004.

177. Neuroscience of revenge, empathy, and gender: Singer et al., 2006.

178. Men are from justice, women are from mercy: Gilligan, 1982.

179. Relational aggression in women: Crick et al., 2007; Geary, 2010.

180. Revenge as disease, forgiveness as cure: McCullough, 2008; McCullough et al., 2010.

181. Logic of deterrence: Daly & Wilson, 1988, p. 128.

182. Models of the evolution of cooperation: Axelrod, 1984/2006; Axelrod & Hamilton, 1981; McCullough, 2008; Nowak, 2006; Ridley, 1997; Sigmund, 1997.

183. Prisoner’s Dilemma as great idea: Poundstone, 1992.

184. First Iterated PD tournament: Axelrod, 1984/2006; Axelrod & Hamilton, 1981.

185. Reciprocal altruism: Trivers, 1971.

186. More recent tournaments: McCullough, 2008; Nowak, May, & Sigmund, 1995; Ridley, 1997; Sigmund, 1997.

187. Components of Tit for Tat: Axelrod, 1984/2006.

188. Indirect reciprocity: Nowak, 2006; Nowak & Sigmund, 1998.

189. Public Goods game: Fehr & Gächter, 2000; Herrmann, Thöni, & Gächter, 2008a; Ridley, 1997.

190. Tragedy of the Commons: Hardin, 1968.

191. Effectiveness of deterrence in economic games: Fehr & Gächter, 2000; Herrmann, Thöni, & Gächter, 2008b; McCullough, 2008; McCullough et al., 2010; Ridley, 1997.

192. Fear of revenge mitigates revenge: Diamond, 1977; see also Ford & Blegen, 1992.

193. Implacability of revenge: Frank, 1988; Schelling, 1960. Self-help justice: Black, 1983; Daly & Wilson, 1988.

194. Vengeful anger as a recalibration mechanism: Sell, Tooby, & Cosmides, 2009.

195. Target must know he has been singled out: Gollwitzer & Denzler, 2009.

196. Audience effects on revenge: Bolton & Zwick, 1995; Brown, 1968; Kim, Smirth, & Brigham, 1998.

197. Audience effects on fights: Felson, 1982.

198. Ultimatum game: Bolton & Zwick, 1995; Fehr & Gächter, 2000; Ridley, 1997; Sanfey et al., 2003.

199. Ultimatum game in the scanner: Sanfey et al., 2003.

200. Moralization Gap and escalation of revenge: Baumeister, 1997.

201. Boys in backseat: D. Gilbert, “He who cast the first stone probably didn’t,” New York Times, Jul. 24, 2006.

202. Two eyes for an eye: Shergill, Bays, Frith, & Wolpert, 2003.

203. Just deserts as justification of criminal punishment: Kaplan, 1973.

204. Bafflegab about justice: Daly & Wilson, 1988, p. 256.

205. Deterrence versus just deserts: Carlsmith, Darley, & Robinson, 2002.

206. Pure justice as an antigaming strategy: Pinker, 2002, chap. 10.

207. Informal cooperation in Shasta County: Ellickson, 1991.

208. Spiteful punishment across societies: Herrmann et al., 2008a, 2008b.

209. Forgiveness as the dimmer of revenge: McCullough, 2008; McCullough et al., 2010.

210. Forgiveness in primates: de Waal, 1996.

211. Boys at war at Robbers Cave: Sherif, 1966.

212. Guilt, shame, embarrassment: Baumeister, Stillwell, & Heatherton, 1994; Haidt, 2002; Trivers, 1971.

213. Common knowledge: Chwe, 2001; Lee & Pinker, 2010; Lewis, 1969; Pinker, 2007b; Pinker, Nowak, & Lee, 2008.

214. Political apologies: Dodds, 2003b, accessed Jun. 28, 2010. See also Dodds, 2003a.

215. Tolerating injustice: Long & Brecke, 2003, pp. 70–71.

216. “If you want peace, work for peace”: Goldstein, 2011.

217. Reconciliation gestures: Long & Brecke, 2003, p. 72.

218. Shakespearean and Chekhovian tragedies: Oz, 1993, p. 260.

219. Occasional effectiveness of torture: Levinson, 2004a, p. 34; P. Finn, J. Warrick, & J. Tate, “Detainee became an asset,” Washington Post, Aug. 29,