The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker Page 0,451

Data from the General Social Survey, http://www.norc.org/GSS+Website/.

187. Outlawing spanking: Straus, 2009.

188. Disapproval of paddling in American schools: www.surveyusa.com/50StateDisciplineChild0805SortedbyTeacher.htm.

189. International condemnation of corporal punishment: Human Rights Watch, 2008.

190. Child abuse checklist: Straus & Kantor, 1995.

191. Child abuse as a serious problem: 1976 and 1985 polls: Straus & Gelles, 1986. 1999 poll: PR Newswire, http://www.nospank.net/n-e62.htm.

192. Rate of violent deaths of children: A. Gentleman, “ ‘The fear is not in step with reality,’ ” Guardian , Mar. 4, 2010.

193. Columbine: Cullen, 2009.

194. Effects of bullying: P. Klass, “At last, facing down bullies (and their enablers),” New York Times, Jun. 9, 2009.

195. Anti-bullying movement: J. Saltzman, “Antibully law may face free speech challenges,” Boston Globe, May 4, 2010; W. Hu, “Schools’ gossip girls and boys get some lessons in empathy,” New York Times, Apr. 5, 2010; P. Klass, “At last, facing down bullies (and their enablers),” New York Times, Jun. 9, 2009.

196. Oprah against bullying: “The truth about bullying,” Oprah Winfrey Show, May 6, 2009; http://www.oprah.com/relationships/School-Bullying.

197. School crime and safety: DeVoe et al., 2004.

198. Girls going wild: M. Males & M. Lind, “The myth of mean girls,” New York Times, Apr. 2, 2010; W. Koch, “Girls have not gone wild, juvenile violence study says,” USA Today, Nov. 20, 2008. See also Girls Study Group, 2008, for data through 2004.

199. Nurture Assumption: Harris, 1998/2008; see also Pinker, 2002, chap. 19; Harris, 2006; Wright & Beaver, 2005.

200. Food fight: S. Saulny, “25 Chicago students arrested for a middle-school food fight,” New York Times, Nov. 11, 2009.

201. Cub Scout and 12-year-old: I. Urbina, “It’s a fork, it’s a spoon, it’s a . . . weapon?” New York Times, Oct. 12, 2009; I. Urbina, “After uproar on suspension, district will rewrite rules,” New York Times, Oct. 14, 2009. Eagle Scout: “Brickbats,” Reason, Apr. 2010.

202. Recess coaches: W. Hu, “Forget goofing around: Recess has a new boss,” New York Times, Mar. 14, 2010.

203. Digital disarming: Schechter, 2005.

204. Zombies no, carrots yes: J. Steinhauer, “Drop the mask! It’s Halloween, kids, you might scare somebody,” New York Times, Oct. 30, 2009.

205. Hate crime: Skenazy, 2009, p. 161.

206. Nightmare on Sesame Street: Skenazy, 2009, p. 69.

207. Child abduction panic: Skenazy, 2009; Finkelhor, Hammer, & Sedlak, 2002; “Phony numbers on child abduction,” STATS at George Mason University; http://stats.org/stories/2002/phony_aug01_02.htm.

208. Playdate origin: Google Books, analyzed with Bookworm, Michel et al., 2011; see the caption to figure 7–1.

209. Changes in walking and playing: Skenazy, 2009.

210. Free-range children: Skenazy, 2009.

211. Cairns calculation: Cited in Skenazy, 2009, p. 16.

212. Crime-control theater: D. Bennett, “Abducted: The Amber Alert system is more effective as theater than as a way to protect children,” Boston Globe, Jul. 20, 2008.

213. Kids hit by parents driving kids: Skenazy, 2009, p. 176.

214. Counterproductive kidnapping alerts: D. Bennett, “Abducted: The Amber Alert system is more effective as theater than as a way to protect children,” Boston Globe, Jul. 20, 2008.

215. Alan Turing: Hodges, 1983.

216. Turing machines: Turing, 1936.

217. Can machines think?: Turing, 1950.

218. State-sponsored homophobia, past: Fone, 2000. Present: Ottosson, 2009.

219. More homophobia against gay men: Fone, 2000. More laws against male homosexuality: Ottosson, 2006.

220. More hate crimes against men: U.S. Department of Justice, FBI, 2008 Hate crime statistics, table 4, http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2008/data/table_04.html.

221. Biology of homosexuality: Bailey, 2003; Hamer & Copeland, 1994; LeVay, 2010; Peters, 2006.

222. Flexible females: Baumeister, 2000.

223. Advantage in female fertility: Hamer & Copeland, 1994.

224. Cross-cultural uncommonness of homosexuality: Broude & Greene, 1976.

225. Cross-cultural disapproval of homosexuality: Broude & Greene, 1976.

226. Confusing morality with disgust: Haidt, 2002; Rozin, 1997.

227. History of homophobia: Fone, 2000.

228. Enlightenment rethinking of homosexuality: Fone, 2000.

229. State-sponsored homophobia: Ottosson, 2006, 2009.

230. Pillay: Quoted in Ottosson, 2009.

231. Kennedy opinion: Lawrence v. Texas (02–102), 2003, http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/02–102.ZO.html.

232. Roger Brown: Pinker, 1998.

233. Attitudes on homosexuality: Gallup, 2008.

234. Effects of knowing a gay person: Gallup, 2009.

235. “Gay? Whatever, dude”: Gallup, 2002.

236. FBI hate-crime statistics: http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cid/civilrights/hate.htm.

237. Problems with FBI hate-crime statistics: Harlow, 2005.

238. Hate-crime statistics for 2008: FBI, 2008 Hate crime statistics, http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2008/index.html. Crime statistics for 2008: FBI, 2008 Crime in the United States, http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2008/index.html.

239. Hate-crime homicides: FBI, 2008 Hate crime statistics, http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2008/index.html. There were 115 hate-crime homicides between 1996 and 2005, and about a fifth of them targeted homosexuals.

240. Scientists believe animals feel pain: Herzog, 2010, p. 209.

241. History of treatment of animals: Gross, 2009; Harris, 1985; Herzog, 2010; Spencer, 2000; Stuart, 2006.

242. Human carnivory: Boyd & Silk, 2006; Harris, 1985; Herzog, 2010; Wrangham, 2009a.

243. Carnivory and human evolution: Boyd & Silk, 2006; Cosmides & Tooby, 1992; Tooby & DeVore, 1987.

244. Meat hunger, feasting, and carnality: Boyd & Silk, 2006; Harris, 1985; Symons, 1979.

245. Cuteness