The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker Page 0,452

and conservation: Herzog, 2010.

246. Hopi cruelty to animals: Brandt, 1974.

247. Roast turtle recipe: www.nativetech.org/recipes/recipe.php?recipeid=211.

248. Larders on the hoof: Wrangham, 2009a.

249. Kicking and eating dogs: Gray & Young, 2011; quote from C. Turnbull.

250. Aristotle: Quoted in Stuart, 2006, p. xviii.

251. Celsus: Quoted in Spencer, 2000, p. 210.

252. Galen: Quoted in Gross, 2009.

253. Aquinas: Quoted in Gross, 2009.

254. Mind has no parts: Descartes, 1641/1967.

255. Early modern vivisection: Spencer, 2000, p. 210.

256. Seventeenth-century tenderization: P.C.D. Brears, The gentlewoman’s kitchen, 1984, quoted in Spencer, 2000, p. 205.

257. Seventeenth-century factory farming: P. Pullar, Consuming passions, 1970, quoted in Spencer, 2000, p. 206.

258. Motives for vegetarianism: Herzog, 2010; Rozin et al., 1997; Spencer, 2000; Stuart, 2006.

259. Morality equated with cleanliness and asceticism: Haidt, 2002; Rozin et al., 1997; Shweder et al., 1997.

260. You are what you eat: Rozin, 1996.

261. Vegetarianism and romanticism: Spencer, 2000; Stuart, 2006.

262. Cockfighting and class warfare: Herzog, 2010.

263. Jewish dietary laws: Schechter, Greenstone, Hirsch, & Kohler, 1906.

264. Early vegetarianism: Spencer, 2000.

265. Sacred cows: Harris, 1985.

266. Nazism and animal rights: Herzog, 2010; Stuart, 2006.

267. Voltaire: Quoted in Spencer, 2000, p. 210.

268. Animal rights as laughing matter: N. Kristof, “Humanity toward animals,” New York Times, Apr. 8, 2009.

269. Nineteenth-century animal rights: Gross, 2009; Herzog, 2010; Stuart, 2006.

270. Orwell on food cranks: The road to Wigan Pier, quoted in Spencer, 2000, pp. 278–79.

271. Takeoff in the 1970s: Singer, 1975/2009; Spencer, 2000.

272. Brophy: Quoted in Spencer, 2000, p. 303.

273. Animal Liberation: Singer, 1975/2009.

274. Expanding Circle: Singer, 1981/2011.

275. V-Frog: K. W. Burton, “Virtual dissection,” Science, Feb. 22, 2008.

276. Cockfighting: Herzog, 2010, pp. 155–62.

277. Bullfight blackout: D. Woolls, “Tuning out tradition: Spain pulls live bullfights off state TV,” Boston Globe, Aug. 23, 2007.

278. Increasing age of hunters: K. Johnson, “For many youths, hunting loses the battle for attention,” New York Times, Sept. 25, 2010.

279. Hunting versus watching: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2006.

280. Locavore hunters: S. Rinella, “Locavore, get your gun,” New York Times, Dec. 14, 2007.

281. Humane fishing: P. Bodo, “Hookless fly-fishing is a humane advance,” New York Times, Nov. 7, 1999.

282. No animals were harmed: American Humane Association Film and Television Unit, 2010; http://www.americanhumane.org/protecting-animals/programs/no-animals-wer....

283. Not harming animals: American Humane Association Film and Television Unit, 2009.

284. Exterminator in chief: M. Leibovich, “What’s white, has 132 rooms, and flies?” New York Times, Jun. 18, 2009.

285. Broiler Chicken Revolution: Herzog, 2010.

286. More chicken eaten than beef: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, graphed at http://www.humanesociety.org/assets/pdfs/farm/Per-Cap-Cons-Meat-1.pdf.

287. Two hundred chickens = 1 cow: Herzog, 2010, p. 193.

288. Meat without feet: J. Temple, “The no-kill carnivore,” Wired, Feb. 2009.

289. Three times as many ex-vegetarians: Herzog, 2010, p. 200.

290. Loose definitions of vegetarianism: Herzog, 2010; C. Stahler, “How many vegetarians are there?” Vegetarian Journal, Jul.–Aug. 1994.

291. Vegetarianism and eating disorders: Herzog, 2010, pp. 198–99.

292. Declining consumption of mammals: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, graphed at http://www.humanesociety.org/assets/pdfs/farm/Per-Cap-Cons-Meat-1.pdf.

293. Gassing chickens: W. Neuman, “New way to help chickens cross to other side,” New York Times, Oct. 21, 2010.

294. Eighty percent of Britons want better conditions: 2000 Taylor Nelson Poll for the RSPCA, cited in Vegetarian Society, 2010.

295. Gallup poll on animal protection: Gallup, 2003.

296. Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Oregon: N. D. Kristof, “A farm boy reflects,” New York Times, Jul. 31, 2008.

297. European Union regulations: http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/index_en.htm.

298. L. Hickman, “The lawyer who defends animals,” Guardian, Mar. 5, 2010.

299. Poll on animal welfare: Gallup, 2003.

300. Vegetarianism among Dean activists: “The Dean activists: Their profile and prospects,” Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, 2005, http://people-press.org/report/?pageid=936.

301. Rethinking human life and death: Singer, 1994.

302. Hard problem of consciousness: Pinker, 1997, chaps. 2, 8.

303. Extinguishing carnivores: J. McMahan, “The meat eaters,” New York Times, Sept. 19, 2010.

304. Leftward shift of conservatism: Nash, 2009, p. 329; Courtwright, 2010.

305. Fivefold increase in books: Caplow et al., 2001, p. 267.

306. Catchment area for innovations: Diamond, 1997; Sowell, 1994, 1996, 1998.

307. “Pilgrimage to Nonviolence”: King, 1963/1995.

308. Arc of justice: Parker, 1852/2005, “Of Justice and Conscience,” in Ten Sermons of Religion.

Chapter 8: Inner Demons

1. Resistance to acknowledging the dark side: See Pinker, 2002.

2. Terrible twos: Côté et al., 2006.

3. Tremblay on babies with guns: Quoted in C. Holden, “The violence of the lambs,” Science, 289, 2000, pp. 580–81.

4. Homicidal fantasies: Kenrick & Sheets, 1994; Buss, 2005, pp. 5–8.

5. Revenge fantasy: Quoted in Buss, 2005, pp. 6–7.

6. Special effects: Schechter, 2005, p. 81.

7. History of violent entertainment: Schechter, 2005.

8. Fiction as an instruction manual for life: Pinker, 1997, chap. 8. Morbid curiosity about violence: Baumeister, 1997; Tiger, 2006.

9. Sex and consciousness: Symons, 1979.

10. Attack cat: Panksepp, 1998, p. 194.

11. Urge to bite surgeon: