The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker Page 0,450

Milner, 2000, chap. 8; N. D. Kristof, “Stark data on women: 100 million are missing,” New York Times, Nov. 5, 1991.

119. Female infanticide is ancient: Milner, 2000, pp. 236–45; see also Hudson & den Boer, 2002.

120. “if a boy gets sick”: Quoted in N. D. Kristof, “Stark data on women: 100 million are missing,” New York Times, Nov. 5, 1991.

121. Female infanticide: Milner, 2000, chap. 8; Hrdy, 1999; Hawkes, 1981; Daly & Wilson, 1988, pp. 53–56.

122. Infants in dunghills: Breiner, 1990, pp. 6–7.

123. Infanticide in medieval and early modern Europe: Milner, 2000; Hanlon, 2007; Hynes, in press.

124. Evolution of sex ratios: Maynard Smith, 1988, 1998.

125. ZPG theory: Divale & Harris, 1976. Problems for the ZPG theory: Chagnon, 1997; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Hawkes, 1981.

126. Trivers-Willard theory: Trivers & Willard, 1973. Problems with the theory: Hawkes, 1981; Hrdy, 1999.

127. Moderate support from wills: Hrdy, 1999.

128. Rarity of son-killing: Exceptions are the Shensi of China: Milner, 2000, p. 238; the Rendille of Kenya: Williamson, 1978, note 33; poor urban workers in 17th-century Parma: Hynes, in press.

129. Female infanticide as a free rider problem: Gottschall, 2008.

130. Female infanticide as a vicious circle: Chagnon, 1997; Gottschall, 2008.

131. Female infanticide and inheritance: Hawkes, 1981; Sen, 1990.

132. Daughter = water: Quoted in Milner, 2000, p. 130.

133. India and China today; Milner, 2000, pp. 236–45.

134. Gynecide today, trouble tomorrow: Hudson & den Boer, 2002.

135. Infanticides in the United States today: FBI Uniform Crime Reports, “2007: Crime in the United States,” U.S . Department of Justice, 2007, http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2007/offenses/expanded_information/data/shrt....

136. Infanticidal mothers in America: Milner, 2000, p. 124; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Resnick, 1970.

137. Prohibition of infanticide in Judaism and Christianity: Milner, 2000, chap. 2; Breiner, 1990.

138. Mercier on newborns: Quoted in Milner, 2000, p. 512.

139. Morality of infanticide and the human life taboo: Brock, 1993; Glover, 1977; Green, 2001; Kohl, 1978; Singer, 1994; Tooley, 1972.

140. Infanticide distinguished from other child killings: Milner, 2000, p. 16.

141. Leniency in infanticide: Resnick, 1970.

142. Human mercy killing: From a memoir by Benjamin Franklin Bonney, quoted in Courtwright, 1996, pp. 118–19.

143. Slippery slope in the Holocaust: Glover, 1999.

144. Fuzziness of human life: Brock, 1993; Gazzaniga, 2005; Green, 2001; Singer, 1994.

145. Frigid indifference: W. Langer, quoted by Milner, 2000, p. 68. See also Hanlon, 2007; Hynes, in press.

146. Infanticide in the Middle Ages: Milner, 2000, p. 70.

147. Babies in latrines: Quoted in deMause, 1982, p. 31.

148. Inquisitions of servant girls: Milner, 2000, p. 71.

149. De facto infanticide in Europe: Milner, 2000, pp. 99–107; chaps. 3–5.

150. British coroner: Quoted in Milner, 2000, p. 100.

151. Statistics on abortion: Henshaw, 1990; Sedgh et al., 2007.

152. Onset of neural activity: Gazzaniga, 2005.

153. Conceptions of the minds of fetuses and other things: Gray, Gray, & Wegner, 2007.

154. Less corporal punishment among hunter-gatherers: Levinson, 1989; Milner, 2000, p. 267.

155. Spare the rod: Milner, 2000, p. 257.

156. “Spare the rod” variations: Heywood, 2001, p. 100.

157. Corporal punishment in medieval Europe: deMause, 1998.

158. Proportion of beaten children: Heywood, 2001, p. 100.

159. Executing children: A. Helms, “Review of Peter Martin’s ‘Samuel Johnson: A Biography,’ ” Boston Globe, Nov. 30, 2008.

160. German parenting: deMause, 2008, p. 10.

161. Ancient punishments: Milner, 2000, p. 267.

162. Japanese parenting: deMause, 2008.

163. English lullaby: Piers, 1978, quoted in Milner, 2000, p. 266.

164. Yiddish verse: Milner, 2000, pp. 386–89; see also Heywood, 2001, pp. 94–97; Daly & Wilson, 1999; Tatar, 2003.

165. Parent-offspring conflict: Dawkins, 1976/1989; Hrdy, 1999; Trivers, 1974, 1985.

166. German preacher: Quoted in Heywood, 2001, p. 33.

167. Locke, Rousseau, and the revolution in childhood: Heywood, 2001, pp. 23–24.

168. Locke: Quotes from Heywood, 2001, p. 23.

169. Rousseau: Quotes from Heywood, 2001, p. 24.

170. Reforms around the turn of the 20th century: Heywood, 2001; Zelizer, 1985.

171. Economically worthless, emotionally priceless: Zelizer, 1985.

172. Child Study movement and child welfare policies: White, 1996.

173. Child abuse analogized to animal abuse: H. Markel, “Case shined first light on abuse of children,” New York Times, Dec. 15, 2009.

174. Complexities in history of childhood: Heywood, 2001.

175. Advisories against spanking: Harris, 1998/2008; Straus, 1999.

176. Children should never, ever be spanked: Straus, 2005.

177. Skepticism about the harmfulness of spanking: Harris, 1998/2008.

178. Culture of honor: Nisbett & Cohen, 1996.

179. Spanking survey: www.surveyusa.com/50StateDisciplineChild0805SortedbyTeacher.htm. “Red states” and “blue states” defined by votes in the 2004 presidential election.

180. State-by-state differences in spanking: www.surveyusa.com/50StateDisciplineChild0805SortedbyTeacher.htm.

181. Trends in spanking approval: Data from the General Social Survey, http://www.norc.org/GSS+Website/.

182. Corporal punishment decline: Straus, 2001, pp. 27–29; Straus, 2009; Straus & Kantor, 1995.

183. Declines in Europe: Straus, 2009.

184. Corporal punishment around the world: Straus, 2009.

185. Ethnic differences in spanking: Harris, 1998/2008.

186. Decline in approval of spanking in all ethnic groups: