The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker Page 0,432

Ember, 1978; Keeley, 1996. See also Chagnon, 1988; Gat, 2006; Knauft, 1987; Otterbein, 2004. Van der Dennen, 2005, cites eight estimates of the proportion of nonstate societies that have rarely or never engaged in war; the median is 15 percent.

68. Andamanese: “Noble or savage? The era of the hunter-gatherer was not the social and environmental Eden that some suggest,” Economist, Dec. 19, 2007.

69. Defeated refugees: Gat, 2006; Keeley, 1996; Van der Dennen, 2005.

70. Violent !Kung San past: Goldstein, 2001, p. 28.

71. Semai violence: Knauft, 1987.

72. !Kung and Central Arctic Inuit: Gat, 2006; Lee, 1982.

73. United States homicide rates: Fox & Zawitz, 2007; Zahn & McCall, 1999; Pax Botswaniana: Gat, 2006.

74. Pax Canadiana: Chirot & McCauley, 2006, p. 114.

75. “Life was better since the government came”: Quoted in Thayer, 2004, p. 140.

76. Retribution, feuds, and adjudication: Ericksen & Horton, 1992.

77. Increase in violence with decolonization: Wiessner, 2006.

78. Health hazards of civilization: Steckel & Wallis, 2009; Diamond, 1997.

79. Fall from Eden and early civilization: Kugel, 2007.

80. Hunting-farming tradeoff: Gat, 2006; North et al., 2009; Steckel & Wallis, 2009.

81. First states: Steckel & Wallis, 2009.

82. Cruelty and despotism in early states: Betzig, 1986; Otterbein, 2004; Spitzer, 1975.

Chapter 3: The Civilizing Process

1. Norbert Elias: Fletcher, 1997.

2. Gurr graph of homicide in England: Gurr, 1981.

3. Survey of violence perception: See note 1 to chapter 1.

4. History of homicide: Cockburn, 1991; Eisner, 2001, 2003; Johnson & Monkkonen, 1996; Monkkonen, 1997; Spierenburg, 2008.

5. Long-term homicide trends: Eisner, 2003.

6. Homicides in Kent: Cockburn, 1991.

7. Correlation of homicide with other violence: Eisner, 2003, pp. 93–94; Zimring, 2007; Marvell, 1999; Daly & Wilson, 1988.

8. Quacks: Keeley, 1996, pp. 94–97; Eisner, 2003, pp. 94–95.

9. Constancies in homicide: Eisner, 2003, 2009; Daly & Wilson, 1988.

10. Decline in elite violence: Eisner, 2003; Clark, 2007a, p. 122; Cooney, 1997.

11. Verkko’s Law: Daly & Wilson, 1988; Eisner, 2003; Eisner, 2008.

12. The medieval housebook: Elias, 1939/2000, pp. 513–16; discussion on pp. 172–82; Graf zu Waldburg Wolfegg, 1988.

13. Furious gusto of knightly destruction: Tuchman, 1978, p. 8.

14. Everyday violence in the Middle Ages: Elias, 1939/2000, p. 168.

15. “his brains flowed forth”: Hanawalt, 1976, pp. 311–12, quoted in Monkkonen, 2001, p. 154.

16. Violent medieval entertainment: Tuchman, 1978, p. 135.

17. Cutting off noses: Groebner, 1995.

18. “whether a nose once cut off can grow back”: Groebner, 1995, p. 4.

19. Impetuousness in the Middle Ages: Elias, 1939/2000, pp. 168–69.

20. “childishness noticeable in medieval behavior”: Tuchman, 1978, p. 52.

21. “slight compression of the lips”: D. L. Sayers, introduction, The song of Roland (New York: Viking, 1957), p. 15, quoted in Kaeuper, 2000, p. 33.

22. “pearls and rubies” in handkerchief: Elias, 1939/2000, p. 123.

23. “anything purulent”: Elias, 1939/2000, p. 130.

24. Disgust as an adaptation: Curtis & Biran, 2001; Pinker, 1997, chap. 6; Rozin & Fallon, 1987.

25. Changes in swearing: Pinker, 2007b, chap. 7.

26. Pissabeds and windfuckers: Hughes, 1991/1998, p. 3.

27. Self-control: Daly & Wilson, 2000; Pinker, 1997, chap. 6; Schelling, 1984.

28. Universal propriety: Brown, 1991; Duerr, 1988–97, but see Mennell & Goudsblom, 1997.

29. “no zero point”: Elias, 1939/2000, pp. 135, 181, 403, 421.

30. Number of political units in Europe: Wright, 1942, p. 215; Richardson, 1960, pp. 168–69.

31. Military revolution: Levy, Walker, & Edwards, 2001.

32. “States make war and vice-versa”: Tilly, 1985.

33. King’s peace: Daly & Wilson, 1988, p. 242.

34. Blood money and coroners: Daly & Wilson, 1988, pp. 241–45.

35. “The Christian attitude . . . held that money was evil”: Tuchman, 1978, p. 37.

36. “commercial law prohibited innovation”: Tuchman, 1978, p. 37.

37. Evolution of cooperation: Cosmides & Tooby, 1992; Ridley, 1997; Trivers, 1971.

38. Free markets and empathy: Mueller, 1999, 2010b.

39. Doux commerce: Quoted in Fukuyama, 1999, p. 254.

40. Major transitions in evolution: Maynard Smith & Szathmáry, 1997. For a review, see Pinker, 2000.

41. Positive-sum games and progress: Wright, 2000.

42. Decivilizing process in Nazi Germany: de Swaan, 2001; Fletcher, 1997; Krieken, 1998; Mennell, 1990; Steenhuis, 1984.

43. Continuation of homicide decline in Nazi Germany: Eisner, 2008.

44. Problems for the Civilizing Process: Eisner, 2003.

45. State legitimacy and nonviolence: Eisner, 2003; Roth, 2009.

46. Informal norms of cooperation: Ellickson, 1991; Fukuyama, 1999; Ridley, 1997.

47. Equality matching: Fiske, 1992; see also “Morality and Taboo” in chap. 9 of this book.

48. Homicide rate in ranchers: Roth, 2009, p. 355. The rate per 100,000 adults for ranchers, taken from figure 7.2, is multiplied by 0.65 to convert it to a rate per 100,000 people, as suggested on p. 495 of Roth’s book.

49. Changing socioeconomic profile of violence: Cooney, 1997; Eisner, 2003.

50. “I have beat many a fellow”: Quoted in Wouters, 2007, p. 37.

51. “There are men to whom nothing”: Quoted in