The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker Page 0,433

Wouters, 2007, p. 37.

52. “With the battle-ax”: S. Sailer, 2004, “More diversity = Less welfare?” http://www.vdare.com/sailer/diverse.htm.

53. Civilization of the middle and working classes: Spierenburg, 2008; Wiener, 2004; Wood, 2004.

54. Crime as self-help justice: Black, 1983; Wood, 2003.

55. Motives for homicide: Black, 1983; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Eisner, 2009.

56. Murderers as martyrs: Black, 1983, p. 39.

57. Violence as a public health problem: See Pinker, 2002, chap. 17.

58. Definition of a mental disorder: Wakefield, 1992.

59. Police and African Americans: Black, 1980, 134–41, quoted in Cooney, 1997, p. 394.

60. Judicial system uninterested in low-status people: Cooney, 1997, p. 394.

61. neighborhood knucklehead: MacDonald, 2006.

62. Self-help in the inner city: Wilkinson, Beaty, & Lurry, 2009.

63. Persistence of clan violence in Europe: Eisner, 2003; Gat, 2006.

64. Fine line between civil war and organized crime: Mueller, 2004a.

65. Reliability of cross-national crime statistics: LaFree, 1999; LaFree & Tseloni, 2006.

66. The homicide rates for individual countries come from UN Office on Drugs and Crime, 2009. If a WHO estimate is listed, I used that; if not, I report the geometric mean between the high and low estimates.

67. World homicide rate: Krug et al., 2002, p. 10.

68. Europeans eat with swords: Elias, 1939/2000, p. 107.

69. Low crime in autocracies and established democracies: LaFree & Tseloni, 2006; Patterson, 2008; O. Patterson, “Jamaica’s bloody democracy,” New York Times, May 26, 2010. Civil war in anocracies: Gleditsch, Hegre, & Strand, 2009; Hegre, Ellingsen, Gates, & Gleditsch, 2001; Marshall & Cole, 2008. Civil war shades into crime: Mueller, 2004a.

70. Post-decolonization violence in New Guinea: Wiessner, 2006.

71. Enga proverbs: Wiessner, 2006, p. 179.

72. Civilizing offensives: Spierenburg, 2008; Wiener, 2004; Wood, 2003, 2004.

73. Civilizing offensive in New Guinea: Wiessner, 2010.

74. Vacuous explanations of American violence: see Pinker, 2002, pp. 308–9.

75. Americans more violent even without guns: Monkkonen, 1989, 2001. Approximately 65 percent of American homicides are committed with firearms, Cook & Moore, 1999, p. 279; U.S. Department of Justice, 2007, Expanded Homicide Data, Table 7, http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2007/offenses/expanded_information/data/shrt.... This means that the American homicide rate without firearms is higher than the total homicide rates of most European countries.

76. Homicide statistics for countries and regions: See note 66.

77. Black and white homicide rates: Fox & Zawitz, Homicide trends in the US, 2007.

78. Race gap in crime surveys: Skogan, 1989, pp. 240–41.

79. North-South difference not just a black-white difference: Courtwright, 1996, p. 61; Nisbett & Cohen, 1996.

80. 19th-century American violence: Gurr, 1981; Gurr, 1989a; Monkkonen, 1989, 2001; Roth, 2009.

81. Irish American homicide: Gurr, 1981, 1989a; Monkkonen, 1989, 2001.

82. Decline of northeastern urban homicide: Gurr, 1981, 1989a.

83. History of the race gap in violence: Monkkonen, 2001; Roth, 2009. Increasing black-white homicide gap in New York: Gurr, 1989b, p. 39.

84. Code of the streets: Anderson, 1999.

85. Democracy came too early: Spierenburg, 2006.

86. “the South had a deliberately weak state”: Monkkonen, 2001, p. 157.

87. Most killings were reasonable: Monkkonen, 1989, p. 94.

88. Jacksonian justice: quoted in Courtwright, 1996, p. 29.

89. More violence in the South: Monkkonen, 2001, pp. 156–57; Nisbett & Cohen, 1996; Gurr, 1989a, pp. 53–54, note 74.

90. Southern culture of honor: Nisbett & Cohen, 1996.

91. Honor killing versus auto theft: Cohen & Nisbett, 1997.

92. Insulted southerners: Cohen, Nisbett, Bowdle, & Schwarz, 1996.

93. Lumping it: Ellickson, 1991. Herding and violence: Chu, Rivera, & Loftin, 2000.

94. Ox-stunning fisticuffs: Nabokov, 1955/1997, pp. 171–72.

95. Drunken cowboys: Courtwright, 1996, p. 89.

96. Homicide rates in the Wild West: Courtwright, 1996, pp. 96–97. Wichita: Roth, 2009, p. 381.

97. Ineffective justice in the Wild West: Courtwright, 1996, p. 100.

98. He Called Bill Smith a Liar: Courtwright, 1996, p. 29.

99. Dirty deck, dirty neck: Courtwright, 1996, p. 92.

100. Gold rush property rights: Umbeck, 1981, p. 50.

101. Gomorrah: Courtwright, 1996, pp. 74–75.

102. Violence is a young man’s game: Daly & Wilson, 1988; Eisner, 2009; Wrangham & Peterson, 1996.

103. Evolutionary psychology of male violence: Buss, 2005; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Geary, 2010; Gottschall, 2008.

104. On track to reproductive failure: Daly & Wilson, 1988, p. 163.

105. Alcohol and violence: Bushman, 1997; Bushman & Cooper, 1990.

106. Women pacified the West: Courtwright, 1996.

107. Pacifying effects of marriage: Sampson, Laub, & Wimer, 2006.

108. Uptick in violence in the 1960s: Eisner, 2003; Eisner, 2008; Fukuyama, 1999; Wilson & Herrnstein, 1985.

109. Homicide boom: U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Fox & Zawitz, 2007.

110. Black homicide rate: Zahn & McCall, 1999.

111. Marriage boom: Courtwright, 1996.

112. Baby boom can’t explain crime boom: Zimring, 2007, pp. 59–60; Skogan, 1989.

113. Perennial invasion of barbarians: Wilson, 1974, pp. 58–59, quoted in Zimring, 2007, pp. 58–59.

114. Relative cohort size not enough: Zimring, 2007, pp. 58–59.

115. Common knowledge and solidarity: Chwe, 2001; Pinker, 2007b, chap. 8.

116.