57, 67, 89, 435–37, 438–39, 451
Ebola in, 62–63, 120, 121
see also chimpanzees; gorillas
greater spot-nosed monkeys, 464, 465
GreeneChip diagnostic system, 514
Greenfeld, Karl Taro, 187
Guangdong province, China, 169–73, 182–83, 192, 194, 195, 374
“wet markets” in, 188–89, 191,
197–98
Guangzhou, China, 170, 171, 172, 173, 188, 196–97, 208
Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, 170, 183
guanine, 156, 306
Guan Yi, 186–87, 189, 190–91, 192, 194, 207
Guholaxmipur, Bangladesh, 375–76
Guilin, China, 197–201, 208
Guinea-Bissau, 397, 402, 406
Gulu, Uganda, 81, 85, 88–89, 92, 93
Gupta, Das, 149
Gurley, Emily, 375–78, 379
gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), 496, 499, 500–501, 520–21
H1N1 virus, 504
H5N1 virus (bird flu), 21, 182–83, 184, 374–75, 504, 508–11
transmissibility in, 507–8, 510
H5N3 virus, 507
H7N7 virus, 507
habitat alteration, 367, 369
see also ecosystems
Hahn, Beatrice, 140–41, 465
and Gombe SIV research, 466–77
in search for origins of HIV-1, 140, 422–25, 427–29, 431, 463, 480, 488
in search for origins of P. falciparum, 140–41
Haiti, blood plasma trade in, 485–86
Haitians, AIDS in, 386–87, 389, 484–88
Hamer, W. H., 132, 144
Hamilton, William, 416–17, 418–19
hammer-headed fruit bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus), 115–16, 122, 371–72
Hanoi, Vietnam, 168, 207
Hantaan virus, 24
hantaviruses, 18, 24, 270, 307, 313, 346, 347
hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, 21
Hanuman, 277
Harvard School of Public Health, 394
Haseltine, William, 415
Hazelton Research Products, 78
HeLa cell lineage, 184
Hellerstrom, Sven, 240, 241
hemagglutinin, 504, 507
Hemo Caribbean, 486
hemophiliacs, AIDS in, 390, 391, 489
Hendra, Australia, 14–20, 45
Hendra virus, 13–20, 23, 24, 130, 164, 182, 211, 269, 270, 307, 318, 319, 365, 512
bats as reservoirs of, 27, 30–31, 37, 43, 45, 48, 115, 331, 351, 499
ecology of, 366–69
Hendra virus (continued)
emergence of, 38, 39, 43
evolutionary history of, 36–37
horses as amplifier hosts of, 34, 36
isolation of, 25
media and, 32
public fear of, 32–33
search for reservoir hosts of, 26–32, 194
transmissibility of, 374
Henle, Jakob, 264
Hensley, Lisa, 105
hepadnaviruses, 270
hepatitis B, 270, 294, 388, 479
Herpen, Netherlands, 223–27
herpes B (Macacine herpes virus 1), 272–79, 284, 285–87, 313
in Bali, nonexistence of human infections from, 278–79
human case fatality rate of, 273
humans as dead-end hosts for, 285
low monkey-human transmission rate of, 286–87
herpes simplex, 274
herpesviruses, 270, 294
Hewlett, Barry, 87–91, 122
Heymann, David, 415
Heyuan, China, 171
Hindu temples, macaques at, 24, 276–77
Hipposideros larvatus (intermediate roundleaf bat), 201
Hirsch, Vanessa M., 402
HIV (human immunodeficiency viruses), 40, 83, 164, 308, 512
discovery of, 390–94
as retroviruses, 288, 391–94
SIV as progenitor of, 395–96
HIV-1, 24, 39, 268, 270, 307, 398
evolutionary divergence of, 420–22, 463, 477
genome of, 398–99, 405
group N, 406, 477
group O, 405–6, 413, 477
lethality of, 296, 477
mutation of, 420–21, 446, 482–83
pathogenic mechanism of, 423
recombination in, 482
search for reservoir of, 402–5
transmissibility of, 291, 292, 294, 297, 518–19
see also AIDS
HIV-1, group M, 41–42, 405–6, 407, 413, 462, 463, 471
chimpanzees as reservoir of, 313, 403–5, 423
DRC60 gene sequence of, 409–13, 417, 419, 420–21, 431, 482, 488
geographical dissemination of, 482–89
SIVcpz as progenitor of, 395–96, 423, 424, 425, 426–27, 428, 437, 477
subtype B of, 483–89
subtypes of, 483
ZR59 gene sequence of, 409, 420–21, 431, 463, 482, 488
HIV-2, 24, 39, 307, 397–98, 477
genome of, 399, 463
geographical dissemination of, 402–3
groups of, 406, 483
transmissibility of, 402–3
virulence of, 402–3
as zoonosis, 402, 413
HIV spillovers, 344, 385, 402, 404, 405–7, 409, 413, 421–22
Cameroon as locus of, 42, 423, 425, 426–31, 437, 463, 477
Central Africa as locus of, 423
cut-hunter hypothesis of, 413, 428, 442–48, 453–62, 466, 477, 478
mechanics of, 427–62, 466, 477
oral polio vaccine (OPV) hypothesis of, 413–17, 421–22, 480–81
hog cholera (classical swine fever), 316
Holmes, Edward C., 306–7, 506
Holmes, Kathryn V., 347–48
Homeland Security Department, US, 513
homosexuals, male, AIDS in, 42, 385–86, 391, 407, 489, 519
Hong Kong:
H5N1 (bird flu) in, 182, 508–9
plague in, 517
SARS in, 168, 169–70, 174–75, 177, 206, 207, 374
wild civets in, 192–93
Hong Kong, University of, 170, 184, 190, 192–93, 207, 508
Hong Kong flu (1968), 504
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 170, 193
Hooper, Edward, 415–17, 480
Hoover, Herbert, 214, 215
horses:
Hendra virus in, 13–16, 19, 27–29, 31–32, 36, 38, 43, 45, 46–48,
343
as recent immigrants to Australia, 36–37
horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus), 194–95, 201, 202
host-virus relationship:
spillover and, 272, 343
virulence and, 295–98, 396
Hot Zone, The (Preston), 77–78, 92–94, 101
Hulbert, Peter, 18
human population growth:
emerging pathogens and, 41, 515
as outbreak, 496–97, 503
humans:
ecosystem disruption by, 23, 40, 41, 62, 67, 161–62, 163–64, 237, 258, 343, 344–45, 369, 433–35, 439, 515–16
as interconnected with other species, 14, 124, 343, 366, 515, 518
spillover as unintended result of activity by, 39–42, 45, 161–62, 164, 237, 258, 343, 344–45, 515–16
human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs), 391–93, 395
see also HIV
Huygens, Christiaan, 118
Hygenic Laboratory, 214–15
Hypsignathus monstrosus (hammer-headed fruit bat), 115–16, 122,
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