of, 108
search for reservoir hosts of, 68, 69, 70–72, 74, 75, 76, 112, 114, 115–16, 118–19, 121–22, 293, 313–14, 351, 370, 371–72
secondary cases of, 53–54
as sorcery, 87–91
symptoms of, 94
Tandala outbreak of, 76–77, 117
total fatalities from, 91–92
transmission mechanics of, 62, 292–93
virions of, 268–69
Yambuku outbreak of, 69–72, 73, 76, 97, 117, 119–22
Ebola virus (Zaire ebolavirus), spillover mechanism of, 111, 115, 116–17
“particle” hypothesis for, 118, 120–22
“wave” hypothesis for, 118–20
ebolaviruses, 53–124
Bundibugyo, 84–87
in chimpanzees, 53, 54, 79–80
forests linked to, 75
genomes of, 84–85
geographical dissemination of, 68, 76, 86–87, 117
hiding ability of, 74–75, 111
humans as dead-end hosts for, 83, 164, 285, 343, 373
immune system suppression by, 94–95, 114–15
lethality of, 54, 62, 63, 73, 76, 81–82, 90, 370
paucity of scientific understanding of, 87, 96
reservoir hosts of, 75, 82, 85, 86, 370
Reston, 77–78, 81, 86–87
species of, 176
sporadic outbreaks of, 72, 75
Sudan, see Sudan ebolavirus
Taï Forest, 79–80, 82, 87
transmission chain of, 82–83
as zoonoses, 21
EcoHealth Alliance, 64, 196, 333, 514
ecosystems:
diversity of, 23
human-caused disruption of, 23, 40, 41, 62, 67, 161–62, 163–64, 237, 258, 343, 344–45, 369, 433–35, 439, 515–16
infectious diseases as, 247, 251
Edinburgh, University of, 44, 45
Edward, Lake, 360
Egypt, H5N1 in, 510
Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus), 352–53, 355–56, 358, 372
Eigen, Manfred, 309
Eigen’s paradox, 309
electron microscopy, 318
emergence, definition of, 42–43
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 42
encephalitis, 28
endangered species, human consumption of, 188
Engel, Gregory, 277–80, 284–85, 288–89
England, Ebola accident in, 97–99
enteroviruses, 292
epidemics:
cyclical pattern of, 132–35
depletion of susceptibles in, 134
fatality rate in, 142–44
immunity in, 142
infection rate in, 142–44
likelihood of, 374
mass action principle of, 132
in nonhuman populations, 512–13
recovery rate in, 142–44
SIR model of, 143–44, 303, 367, 368
threshold density in, 36, 144, 480
see also infectious disease; pandemics
epidemiologists, 129
Epomops franqueti (Franquet’s epauletted fruit bat), 371
Epstein, Jon, 333–38, 339–45, 356, 375, 514–15
Equatorial Guinea, 406
equine infectious anemia virus, 297
Era of Wild Flavor, 187–88, 191, 197–98, 433
erythema migrans, 240, 241
Escalante, Ananias A., 139, 148–49
Essex, Myron “Max,” 394–98, 416
Ethiopia, 483
Etouck, Sophiano, 56–57, 112–13
Europe, AIDS in, 406
European Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 513
European Community, 225
evolution, 23, 136–39, 164, 301, 360, 398, 507, 517
of bats, 349–50
of Ebola, 115, 116
evolution (continued)
of HIV, 418, 420–22, 463, 477
of pathogens, 235–37, 302–10, 344–45, 366–69, 499, 515–17
of viruses, 24, 36–37, 82, 206, 264, 287, 292, 297, 299, 302–10, 322, 343, 344–45
of zoonoses, 344–45, 515–17
Evolution and Emergence of RNA Viruses, The (Holmes), 307
ezanga (evil spirits), 87–88, 89–90
Faridpur District, Bangladesh, 328, 334, 375–79
Faroe Islands, measles epidemic on, 264
Fay, Mike, 54–56, 59–60, 63, 111–13, 431
fecal sampling, 424–25, 426, 471–72
Feeroz, Mohammed Mustafa, 280–81, 283, 285
feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), 297
feline leukemia virus (FeLV), 392, 394
femmes libres (free women), 430, 481–82, 484
Fenner, Frank, 300–302, 305, 346
Field, Hume, 26, 45, 194, 348
in search for Hendra virus reservoirs, 26–32, 319
in search for Nipah reservoir, 319, 320, 322, 367
filoviruses (Filoviridae), 70, 77, 116, 120, 268, 270
First Fleet, 37
flying foxes (Pteropus), 27, 31, 366–67
black (P. alecto), 31, 367
grey-headed, 31–32, 367
as Hendra reservoirs, 27, 30–32, 37, 43, 45, 48, 115, 331, 351, 366–67, 499
Indian (P. giganteus), 331, 336, 338
large (P. vampyrus), 324
little red, 366–69
as Nipah reservoirs, 322, 323–25, 327, 331–32, 334, 351, 367, 514–15
spectacled, 367
variable (P. hypomelanus), 324
foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), 35–36, 230, 266
Formenty, Pierre, 352, 353–54
Foshan, China, 170
Franceville, Gabon, 54, 114, 117, 370, 403
Frankfurt, Germany, SARS in, 181
Franquet’s epauletted fruit bat (Epomops franqueti), 371
free women (femmes libres), 430, 481–82, 484
French Equatorial Africa (FEA), 479–80
Friedman-Kien, Alvin E., 386, 389, 390
Froesch, Paul, 266
fruit bats, 350
as possible Ebola reservoirs, 115–16, 122, 293
Fujian province, China, 183
Fujita, Norman K., 362, 363
fungi, 23, 40
Gabon, 478
AIDS in, 406
Ebola in, 53–55, 56–57, 60, 61–63, 72, 73, 80–81, 90, 111–13, 115, 117–18, 120
gachis (date-palm tappers), 332–33
Gallo, Robert, 391–93, 394
gametocytes, 136, 138
Gao, Feng, 423, 424
gemo (evil spirits), 88–89, 90
Germany, psittacosis in, 214
germ theory of disease, 130, 265, 517
Ghana, 406
Gibraltar, 408
Gilbert, Tom, 487–88
Gimble (chimpanzee), 468, 470, 471, 472
Global Viral Forecasting Initiative (GVFI), 514
goats:
as measles reservoir, 313
Q fever and, 223–34
Gofur (bat catcher), 334, 339, 341
Gombe National Park, Tanzania, 424, 466–77
Gombe Stream Research Center, 468, 473
gonorrhea, 481–82
Goodall, Jane, 424, 466, 467, 468–71
Google, 514
Gorgas, William C., 263, 266
gorillas:
bushmeat from, 67, 89, 436, 437, 451
die-offs of, 59–60, 63, 65, 91, 120, 121, 122, 124
Ebola virus in, 59, 68, 91–92, 120, 122, 124, 304
human diseases in, 67–68
see also mountain gorillas; western gorillas
Gorinstein, Joseph B., 486
Gottlieb, Michael, 385–86, 389, 390, 407, 489
great apes, 438–39
as bushmeat, 53,
| | |
|