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invention history. This patent (U.S. no. 4398804) and others can be found using Google Patents.
118.7 million units: B. Edwards, “Happy 20th b-day, Game Boy,” Ars Technica, April 21, 2009.
“It was difficult”; “‘snowman’”; “grim expression”: shmuplations (translation), “Console Gaming Then and Now: A Fascinating 1997 Interview with Nintendo’s Legendary Gunpei Yokoi,” techspot, July 10, 2015.
the “candle problem”: For an excellent description, see D. Pink, Drive (New York: Riverhead, 2011).
“Electronics was not Yokoi’s strong point”: Satoru Okada’s foreword in Before Mario.
“design and interface”: IGN staff, “Okada on the Game Boy Advance,” IGN, Sep. 13, 2000.
“If I can speak”: M. Kodama, Knowledge Integration Dynamics (Singapore: World Scientific): 211.
“simply innovated in a different way”: C. Christensen and S. C. Anthony, “What Should Sony Do Next?,” Forbes, August 1, 2007, online ed.
focused frogs and visionary birds: F. Dyson, “Bird and Frogs,” Notices of the American Mathematical Society 56, no. 2 (2009): 212–23. (Dyson may be a math frog, but he is also an excellent writer.)
multilayer optical film: M. F. Weber et al., “Giant Birefringent Optics in Multilayer Polymer Mirrors,” Science 287 (2000): 2451–56; and R. F. Service, “Mirror Film Is the Fairest of Them All,” Science 287 (2000): 2387–89.
blue morpho: R. Ahmed et al., “Morpho Butterfly-Inspired Optical Diffraction, Diffusion, and Bio-chemical Sensing,” RSC Advances 8 (2018): 27111–18.
“It’s in front of you literally every day”: Ouderkirk’s talk at TEDxHHL, October 14, 2016.
set out to study inventors at 3M: W. F. Boh, R. Evaristo, and A. Ouderkirk, “Balancing Breadth and Depth of Expertise for Innovation: A 3M Story,” Research Policy 43 (2013): 349–66.
“nobody ever told me”: Ouderkirk’s talk at TEDxHHL, October 14, 2016.
the state of Iowa alone: G. D. Glenn and R. L. Poole, The Opera Houses of Iowa (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1993). For a broader discussion of this phenomenon, see R. H. Frank, Luxury Fever (New York: The Free Press, 1999), ch. 3.
relationship between R&D spending and performance: B. Jaruzelski et al., “Proven Paths to Innovation Success,” Strategy+Business, winter 2014, issue 77 preprint.
They analyzed fifteen years of tech patents: E. Melero and N. Palomeras, “The Renaissance Man Is Not Dead! The Role of Generalists in Teams of Inventors,” Research Policy 44 (2015): 154–67.
comic books: A. Taylor and H. R. Greve, “Superman or the Fantastic Four? Knowledge Combination and Experience in Innovative Teams,” Academy of Management Journal 49, no. 4 (2006): 723–40.
Wertham manipulated: C. L. Tilley, “Seducing the Innocent: Fredric Wertham and the Falsifications That Helped Condemn Comics,” Information and Culture 47, no. 4 (2012):383-413.
specialized surgeons get better outcomes: M. Maruthappu et al., “The Influence of Volume and Experience on Individual Surgical Performance: A Systematic Review,” Annals of Surgery 261, no. 4 (2015): 642–47; N. R. Sahni et al., “Surgeon Specialization and Operative Mortality in the United States: Retrospective Analysis,” BMJ 354 (2016): i3571; A. Kurmann et al., “Impact of Team Familiarity in the Operating Room on Surgical Complications,” World Journal of Surgery 38, no. 12 (2014): 3047–52; M. Maruthappu, “The Impact of Team Familiarity and Surgical Experience on Operative Efficiency,” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 109, no. 4 (2016): 147–53.
analyzed its database of major flight accidents: “A Review of Flightcrew-Involved Major Accidents of U.S. Air Carriers, 1978 Through 1990,” National Transportation Safety Board, Safety Study NTSB/SS-94/01, 1994.
University of Utah professor Abbie Griffin: A. Griffin, R. L. Price, and B. Vojak, Serial Innovators: How Individuals Create and Deliver Breakthrough Innovations in Mature Firms (Stanford, CA: Stanford Business Books, 2012 [Kindle ebook]).
“could be considered a professional outsider”: D. K. Simonton, Origins of Genius (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
“unwilling to spend more time on the subject”; Howard Gruber: H. E. Gruber, Darwin on Man: A Psychological Study of Scientific Creativity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981).
at least 231 scientific pen pals; experiments with seeds: T. Veak, “Exploring Darwin’s Correspondence,” Archives of Natural History 30, no. 1 (2003): 118–38.
“bewildering miscellany”: H. E. Gruber, “The Evolving Systems Approach to Creative Work,” Creativity Research Journal 1, no.1 (1988): 27–51.
“a lot of apps open in my brain”: R. Mead, “All About the Hamiltons,” The New Yorker, February. 9, 2015.
CHAPTER 10: FOOLED BY EXPERTISE
The bet was on: Yale history professor Paul Sabin’s book The Bet (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013) gives fascinating background and analysis. A shorter sample of that analysis is C. R. Sunstein, “The Battle of Two Hedgehogs,” New York Review of Books, December 5, 2013.
“population growth curve”: P. Ehrlich, Eco-Catastrophe! (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1969).
“green revolution”: G. S. Morson and M. Schapiro, Cents and Sensibility (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017 [Kindle ebook]).
the food