The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker Page 0,430

Gottschall, 2008.

8. Agamemnon encourages genocide: Homer, 2003, p. 101.

9. “Fast ships with shallow drafts”: Gottschall, 2008, p. 1.

10. “Breached with surprising ease”: Gottschall, 2008, pp. 143–44.

11. “Many sleepless nights”: Iliad 9.325–27, quoted in Gottschall, p. 58.

12. The Hebrew Bible: Kugel, 2007.

13. “Should our sister”: Genesis 34:25–31.

14. “kill every male”: Numbers 31.

15. “Thou shalt save alive nothing”: Deuteronomy 20:16–17.

16. “utterly destroyed” Jericho: Joshua 6.

17. “destroyed all that breathed”: Joshua 10:40–41.

18. “Now go and smite Amalek”: 1 Samuel 15:3.

19. Saul plots to have him killed: 1 Samuel 18:7.

20. “wasted the country”: 1 Chronicles 20:1–3.

21. Solomon’s “divine wisdom”: 1 Kings 3:23–28.

22. Quantifying biblical homicide: Schwager, 2000, pp. 47, 60.

23. Victims of the Noachian flood: Biblical literalists date the flood to around 2300 BCE. McEvedy & Jones, 1978, estimate that the world contained around 14 million people in 3000 BCE and 27 million in 2000 BCE.

24. Real and fictitious biblical history: Kugel, 2007.

25. Authorship of the Christian Bible: Ehrman, 2005.

26. Pagan Jesuses: B. G. Walker, “The other Easters,” Freethought Today, Apr. 2008, pp. 6–7; Smith, 1952.

27. Roman entertainment: Kyle, 1998.

28. Forensics of crucifixion: Edwards, Gabel, & Hosmer, 1986.

29. Martyrologies: Gallonio, 1903/2004; Kay, 2000.

30. “The mother was present”: Quoted in Gallonio, 1903/2004, p. 133.

31. Punishment for seven deadly sins: Lehner & Lehner, 1971.

32. Inquisition: Grayling, 2007; Rummel, 1994.

33. “As the levers bent forward”: Quoted in Bronowski, 1973, p. 216.

34. Witch-burning statistics: Rummel, 1994.

35. Augustine on snakes and rotten branches: Grayling, 2007, p. 25.

36. “Burning men”: John 15:6.

37. “Limiting ourselves to quantifiable instances”: Kaeuper, 2000, p. 24.

38. “never killing a knight who begged for mercy”: Quoted in Kaeuper, 2000, p. 31.

39. “take a lady or maiden in any way he desires”: Quoted in Kaeuper, 2000, p. 30.

40. Henry V’s ultimatum: Henry V, Act 3, Scene III.

41. Witch burned to death: Tatar, 2003, p. 207.

42. Grimm’s fairy tales: Tatar, 2003.

43. Punch and Judy: Schechter, 2005, pp. 83–84.

44. Violence in nursery rhymes: Davies, Lee, Fox, & Fox, 2004.

45. Hamilton: Chernow, 2004.

46. Hamilton’s duel: Krystal, 2007.

47. History of dueling: Krystal, 2007; Schwartz, Baxter, & Ryan, 1984.

48. Humor as a weapon against honor: Pinker, 1997, chap. 8.

49. Ridicule ended dueling: Stevens, 1940, pp. 280–83, quoted in Mueller, 1989, p. 10.

50. Martial culture and its decline: Sheehan, 2008; van Creveld, 2008.

51. Nonviolent German games: A. Curry, “Monopoly killer,” Wired, Apr. 2009.

52. Decline of elite violence: Cooney, 1997.

53. Misogynistic ads: Ad Nauseam, 2000. The Chase & Sanborn ad ran in Life magazine on Aug. 11, 1952.

54. Changes in reactions to the word rape: Tom Jones, e-mail to the author, Nov. 19, 2010, reprinted with his permission.

55. Beating schoolchildren: Personal communication from British and Catholic friends; also S. Lyall, “Blaming church, Ireland details scourge of abuse: Report spans 60 years,” New York Times, May 21, 2009.

Chapter 2: The Pacification Process

1. From a cartoon by Bob Mankoff.

2. Darwin, genetics, and game theory: Maynard Smith, 1998; Maynard Smith & Szathmáry, 1997.

3. “To a survival machine”: Dawkins, 1976/1989, p. 66.

4. Animal violence: Williams, 1988; Wrangham, 1999a.

5. “three principal causes of quarrel”: Hobbes, 1651/1957, p. 185.

6. Competition over females: Darwin, 1874; Trivers, 1972.

7. Misunderstandings of sexual selection: Pinker, 1997, 2002.

8. Security dilemma: Schelling, 1960.

9. “nothing can be more gentle than [man] in his primitive state”: Rousseau, 1755/1994, pp. 61–62.

10. Peace and Harmony Mafia: Van der Dennen, 1995, 2005.

11. Chimpanzee violence: Goodall, 1986; Wilson & Wrangham, 2003; Wrangham, 1999a; Mitani, Watts, & Amsler, 2010.

12. Aggressive displays in animals: Maynard Smith, 1988; Wrangham, 1999a.

13. Goodall’s shocking discovery: Goodall, 1986.

14. Lethal violence in chimpanzees: Wilson & Wrangham, 2003; Wrangham, 1999a; Wrangham, Wilson, & Muller, 2006.

15. Adaptive value of chimpicide: Wilson & Wrangham, 2003; Wrangham, 1999a; Wrangham &

Peterson, 1996; Mitani et al., 2010.

16. Bonobos: de Waal & Lanting, 1997; Furuichi & Thompson, 2008; Wrangham & Peterson, 1996. Bonobos and popular culture: I. Parker, “Swingers,” New Yorker, Jul. 30, 2007; M. Dowd, “The Baby Bust,” New York Times, Apr. 10, 2002.

17. Bonobos as model of human ancestor: de Waal, 1996; de Waal & Lanting, 1997.

18. Bonobos in the wild: Furuichi & Thompson, 2008; Wrangham & Peterson, 1996; I. Parker, “Swingers,” New Yorker, Jul. 30, 2007.

19. Bonobos as outliers: Wrangham & Pilbeam, 2001.

20. Sexual dimorphism and male-male competition: Plavcan, 2000.

21. Ardipithecus ramidus: White et al., 2009.

22. Sexual dimorphism and male-male competition in Homo: Plavcan, 2000; Wrangham & Peterson, 1996, pp. 178–82.

23. Neolithic Revolution: Diamond, 1997; Gat, 2006; Otterbein, 2004.

24. Wave of farming: Cavalli-Sforza, 2000; Gat, 2006.

25. Kinds of societies: Gat, 2006.

26. First states: Diamond, 1997; Gat, 2006; Kurtz, 2001; Otterbein, 2004.

27. Modern chiefdoms: Goldstein, 2011.

28. Early states as protection rackets: Gat, 2006; Kurtz,