time: DePaolo et al 1996; see also DePaolo et al 1998.
14 Ignorance and confidence: Ehrlinger et al 2008, Kruger and Dunning 1999.
15 “Beneffectance,” active voice, man and telephone pole: Greenwald 1980; BMW owners: Johansson-Stenman and Martinsson 2006.
16 Self-inflation effect, high school students, academics: Greenwald 1980; general review: Alicke and Sedikides 2009, Guenther and Alicke 2010; morphing faces: Epley and Whitchurch 2008.
17 Japan and China: Alicke and Sedikides 2009, Kobayashi and Greenwald 2003; area of the brain for self-inflation: Kwan et al 2007; narcissists high in dominance and power: Campbell et al 2007; overconfident, over-bet, and persistent in their delusions: Campbell 2004.
18 Contrast two sets of college students: Fein and Spencer 1997.
19 “Us” paired with nonsense syllables: Perdue et al 1990; generalize bad to out-group, good to in-group: Maas et al 1989; smiles imputed to in-group members: Beaupre and Hess 2003; smile intensity predicts longevity : Abel and Kruger 2010.
20 Monkeys: Mahajan et al 2011.
21 Power prime: Galinksy et al 2006; Churchill: Mukerjee 2010.
22 Moral hypocrisy: Batson et al 1999; under cognitive load, moral bias toward self vanishes: Valdesolo and DeStano 2008; predictable and unpredictable shocks in rats: Weiss 1970; effects of perceived control in humans: Lykken et al 1972.
23 Illusion of control: Langer and Roth 1975; in stockbrokers: Fenton-O’C-reavy et al 2003; illusory pattern recognition: Whitson and Galinksy 2008.
25 Victim/perpetrator: Baumeister et al 1990.
28 Self-deception and inefficient mental systems include misapprehension of reality: Peterson et al 2002; failure to respond to error: Peterson et al 2003.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 2
30 Frequency-dependent selection in butterflies: Sheppard 1959; for matched pictures of the butterfly models and mimics: Owen 1971.
31 Brood parasites in birds: Davies 2000; almost everything in this section can be found there.
32 Individual species specialized to lay eggs: Gibbs et al 2000; advantageous to count eggs: Lyon 2003; single cuckoo’s begging call mimicking entire brood: Davies et al 1998; hawk cuckoo in Japan: Tanaka and Ubeda 2005, Tanaka et al 2005.
33 Importance of recognition errors in reed warblers: Davies et al 1996, Brooke et al 1998.
34 “Mafia-like” behavior: Soler et al 1995, Hoover and Robinson 2007; cultural transmission: Davies and Welbergen 2009.
35 Ants: Barbero et al 2009; ant mimics: Maderspracher and Stensmyr 2011.
37 Monkey and ape brains: Byrne and Corp 2004.
38 Mimicry in general: Wickler 1968; fireflies: El-Hani et al 2010, Lloyd 1986; orchids: Jersakova et al 2006; deceptive orchids more outbred: Cozzolino and Widmer 2005.
39 Bluegill sunfish: Dominey 1980, Gross 1982; blister beetle: Saul-Gershenz and Millar 2006.
40 In mixed-species flocks: Greig-Smith 1978; see also use by drongos to steal food from meerkats, Flower 2010; to separate warring siblings: Spellerberg 1971, and more generally, Wiebe and Bartolotti 2000; as a paternity guard: Moller 1990; antelopes: Bro-Jorgensen and Pangle 2010; each skin-color cell of an octopus: Hanlon et al 2007.
41 Adjusting its color to each new surface: Barbosa et al 2007; mimic flounders: Hanlon and Conroy 2008; randomly displaying variant phenotypes: Hanlon et al 1999; squid female mimic: Hanlon et al 2005; bird distraction displays: Sordahl 1986.
42 Crakes: source unknown; fake butterfly eggs: Gilbert 1982; pronghorn mother: Byers and Byers 1983.
44 Wasp status badges: Tibbetts and Dale 2004; key perceptual factor: Tibbetts and Izzo 2010; sparrow status badges: Rohwer 1977, Rohwer and Rohwer 1978, Rohwer and Ewald 1981, Moller and Swaddle 1987.
46 Ravens adjust behavior to context and competitors: Bugnyar and Heinrich 2006; cachers and raiders: Bugnyar and Kotrschal 2002; see around an obstacle: Bugnyar et al 2004; jays: Dally et al 2004, 2006; gray squirrels: Leaver et al 2007; chimps hiding erections: de Waal 1982.
47 Mantis shrimps: Steger and Caldwell 1983, Caldwell 1986, Adams and Caldwell 1990; fiddler crabs: Lailvaux et al 2009.
48 Hide objects behind back: de Waal 1982; throw object: de Waal 1986; cooperation modeled as prisoner’s dilemma: Axelrod and Hamilton 1981; more recent work reviewed: Trivers 2005.
49 I am most grateful to Karl Sigmund for suggesting this entire page.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 3
54 Neurophysiology of action: Libet 2004; we also have an illusion of conscious will, one we actively work to maintain: Wegner 2002.
55 A novel experiment: Soon et al 2008.
56 Flip side: Libet 2004, Wegner 2002; thought suppression in the lab: Anderson et al 2004.
57 Ironic effects of thought suppression: Wegner 1989, 2009, Wegner et al 2004.
58 Neural inhibition of deception area: Karim et al 2009.
59 Brains of pathological liars: Yang et al 2007; jugglers: Scholz et al 2009; unconscious voice recognition experiments: Gur and Sackeim 1979.
61 Unconscious facial recognition: Bobes et al 2004; voice recognition in birds: Margoliash and Konishi 1985.
62 Anosognosia: Ramachandran 2009.
63 Response time to