Range - David Epstein Page 0,123

Wiley Handbook of Genius, ed. D. K. Simonton (Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons, 2014).

Accountants and bridge and poker players: A useful source, in addition to Kahneman and Klein’s “adversarial collaboration” paper, and Hogarth’s Educating Intuition, is: J. Shanteau, “Competence in Experts: The Role of Task Characteristics,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 53 (1992): 252–62.

“robust statistical regularities”: Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow.

research in the game of bridge: P. A. Frensch and R. J. Sternberg, “Expertise and Intelligent Thinking: When Is It Worse to Know Better?” in Advances in the Psychology of Human Intelligence, vol. 5, ed. R. J. Sternberg (New York: Psychology Press, 1989).

experienced accountants; “cognitive entrenchment”; “having one foot outside”: E. Dane, “Reconsidering the Trade-Off Between Expertise and Flexibility,” Academy of Management Review 35, no. 4 (2010): 579–603. For a general discussion of expert flexibility and inflexibility: P. J. Feltovich et al., “Issues of Expert Flexibility in Contexts Characterized by Complexity and Change,” in Expertise in Context, ed. P. J. Feltovich et al. (Cambridge, MA: AAAI Press/MIT Press, 1997); and F. Gobet, Understanding Expertise (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016).

Nobel laureates are at least: R. Root-Bernstein et al., “Arts Foster Scientific Success: Avocations of Nobel, National Academy, Royal Society and Sigma Xi Members,” Journal of Psychology of Science and Technology 1, no. 2 (2008): 51–63; R. Root-Bernstein et al., “Correlations Between Avocations, Scientific Style, Work Habits, and Professional Impact of Scientists,” Creativity Research Journal 8, no. 2 (1995): 115–37.

“To him who observes them from afar”: S. Ramón y Cajal, Precepts and Counsels on Scientific Investigation (Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1951).

those who did not make a creative contribution: A. Rothenberg, A Flight from Wonder: An Investigation of Scientific Creativity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).

“rather than obsessively focus[ing]”: D. K. Simonton, “Creativity and Expertise: Creators Are Not Equivalent to Domain-Specific Experts!,” in The Science of Expertise, ed. D. Hambrick et al. (New York: Routledge, 2017 [Kindle ebook]).

“When we were designing”: Steve Jobs’s 2005 commencement address at Stanford: news.stanford.edu/2005/06/14/jobs-061505.

“no one else was familiar”: J. Horgan, “Claude Shannon: Tinkerer, Prankster, and Father of Information Theory,” IEEE Spectrum 29, no. 4 (1992): 72–75. For more depth on Shannon, see J. Soni and R. Goodman, A Mind at Play (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017).

“career streams”; “traveled on an eight-lane highway”: C. J. Connolly, “Transition Expertise: Cognitive Factors and Developmental Processes That Contribute to Repeated Successful Career Transitions Amongst Elite Athletes, Musicians and Business People” (PhD thesis, Brunel University, 2011).

CHAPTER 2: HOW THE WICKED WORLD WAS MADE

a thirty-year-old paper: R. D. Tuddenham, “Soldier Intelligence in World Wars I and II,” American Psychologist 3, no. 2 (1948): 54–56.

Should Martians alight on Earth: J. R. Flynn, Does Your Family Make You Smarter? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 85.

“cradle to the grave”: J. R. Flynn, What Is Intelligence? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).

When Flynn published his revelation: J. R. Flynn, “The Mean IQ of Americans: Massive Gains 1932 to 1978,” Psychological Bulletin 95, no. 1 (1984): 29–51; J. R. Flynn, “Massive IQ Gains in 14 Nations,” Psychological Bulletin 101, no. 2 (1987): 171–91. For an excellent primer on the Flynn effect and response, see I. J. Deary, Intelligence: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).

tests that gauged material: In addition to interviews with Flynn, his books were helpful—particularly the hundred pages of appendices in Are We Getting Smarter? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).

both separate day from night: M. C. Fox and A. L. Mitchum, “A Knowledge-Based Theory of Rising Scores on ‘Culture-Free’ Tests,” Journal of Experimental Psychology 142, no. 3 (2013): 979–1000.

When a group of Estonian researchers: O. Must et al., “Predicting the Flynn Effect Through Word Abstractness: Results from the National Intelligence Tests Support Flynn’s Explanation,” Intelligence 57 (2016): 7–14. I first saw these results in St. Petersburg, Russia, at the 2016 annual conference of the International Society for Intelligence Research. The ISIR invited me to give the annual Constance Holden Memorial Address. Four attempts at getting a visa later, I arrived. The event was full of vigorous but civil debate, including over the Flynn effect, and was an excellent background resource.

“The huge Raven’s gains”: J. R. Flynn, What Is Intelligence?

Even in countries: E. Dutton et al., “The Negative Flynn Effect,” Intelligence 59 (2016): 163–69. And see Flynn’s Are We Getting Smarter? on, for example, trends in Sudan.

Alexander Luria: Luria’s fascinating book is the major source for this section: Cognitive Development: Its Cultural and Social Foundations (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976).

He learned the local language: E. D. Homskaya, Alexander Romanovich Luria: A