outcomes with, 107
eugenics and manipulation of, 74
interactions between heredity, chance, environment, variation, and evolution and, 107–08
phenotypes determined by, 106–07
random change in phenotype outcomes with, 107
social engineering using, 460–61
geographic factors
Darwin’s research on bird population evolution affected by, 37–38, 45n
D4DR variant distribution and, 386
development of twins reared apart, 382
new species formation and, 45n, 108–09
spread of early humans and, 339–41
Wallace’s theory of bird population variants affected by, 39
geology, 19, 28, 30, 32, 38, 47, 335, 336, 340
Germany. See also Nazi Germany
eugenics programs in, 76–77
scientists’ migration from, as reaction to Nazism, 130, 131, 146
germ cells. See also eggs; sperm
conversion of ES cells into, 474
gemmule theory of heredity with, 43
Hongerwinter memory’s marking of, 405–06
germplasm
eugenicists on eliminating defects in, 83
Weismann on inheritance of, 57–58
Gilbert, Walter, 166n, 176n
DNA sequencing by, 218, 219, 222, 243
genome-sequencing evaluation by, 302–03
insulin synthesis and, 241, 242, 244
giraffes, evolution of, 42, 57, 395
Gleick, James, 10n, 409
glucose metabolism, genes turned on or off for, 174–76, 176n, 392
Goeddel, David, 244–45, 247
Goldstein, David, 450
Goodfellow, Peter, 360–61, 362
Goodship, Daphne, 382–83
gorillas
evolution and, 332
pairs of chromosomes of, 322
Gosling, Ray, 151, 153n, 158
Gottesman, Irving, 298
Gould, John, 34
Gould, Stephen Jay, 348
Graham, Robert, 274, 276
Gray, Asa, 44
Greece, ancient, inheritance theories in, 21–24, 27
Griffith, Frederick, 112–15, 131, 133, 136, 158, 159, 212
growth hormone gene, in humans, 421
guanine, 135, 156
Gurdon, John, 396–99, 398n, 402, 404
Gusella, James, 286, 287
Gypsies, Nazi extermination of, 124–25, 137
Hadamar hospital, Germany, 123
Haemophilus influenzae, genome sequencing of, 309–11, 313
Hahn, Otto, 130
Haiselden, Harry, 85
Haldane, J. B. S., 292
Hamer, Dean
background and training of, 371–72
homosexuality-related genes (gay genes) research of, 373–78, 379
sexual orientation interest of, 372–73
Hammarsten, Einar, 139
Hartsoeker, Nicolaas, 26
Haussler, David, 320
hawkweed plant-breeding experiments of Mendel, 54–55
height
genetic links in, 66, 68, 68n, 74, 103, 104, 110, 128, 334, 480, 481
genetic manipulations to increase, 76
Mendel’s plant studies on, 48, 51, 95
twin studies of, 374, 382
variance distribution of, 66, 67, 68, 85, 103, 457
hemochromatosis, 278–79, 281
hemoglobin
beta-thalassemia mutation and, 424n
gene regulation of, 178, 307n
oxygen binding by, 141–42, 164
sickle cell anemia and, 170, 171, 173, 184
hemophilia
factor VIII therapy for, 246–47, 249
gene therapy for, 466–67
genetic inheritance of, 98–99, 100, 129, 260, 264, 278
genetic map of, 291
HIV infection with, 249
Russian royal family with, 98, 99–100
Henn, Brenna, 338
Henslow, John, 28, 31
hepatitis B vaccine, 251
Hepburn, Audrey, 394
Herbert, Barbara, 382–83
Hereditary Disease Foundation, 283
Hereditary Genius (Galton), 68, 72, 502
Hereditary Health Courts (Germany), 122
Hereditary Monstrosities (de Vries), 58
heredity
ancient Greek philosophers on, 21–24
Bateson on power of genes in, 63, 74
Bateson on transmission of units in, 70–71
cancer as a genetic disease related to, 297
Christian belief on Adam as First Parent in, 25
coining of new words for units in, 71–72
Darwin’s work on theory of, 41–43, 46, 57
de Vries on particles of information in, 58, 60, 61, 62
encoding of basic information in, 25–26
epigenetics used to alter, 406
eugenics and laws of, 74
Galton’s research on, 65–70, 74, 103
gemmule theory of, 43–44, 57, 66, 113, 395–96
gene as basic unit of, 9–10, 485
genetic information in, 101–02
homunculus concept in, 25–26, 43, 337
information flow of instructions in, 70–71
Lamarck’s approach to, 42
mathematical modeling of traits in, 103–04
Mendel’s exploration of units of, 53–54, 62, 70, 71
notion of human identity constructed using, 127–28
phenotype as interactions between chance, environment, variation, and evolution and, 107–08
shock therapy for plants to overcome, 126–27, 406
theory of evolution needed with, 57, 65, 66
variation in, 36
Weismann on information passed in, 57–58
Wolff on fertilized eggs in, 26–27
Heredity in Relation to Eugenics (Davenport), 77
Herrick, James, 170
Herrnstein, Richard, 300, 343, 345, 346, 347
Herschel, Sir John, 29, 30
Hershey, Alfred, 139n
Hess, Rudolf, 119n
Heyneker, Herbert, 241n
high-risk behavior, 5HTTLRP gene associated with, 459, 460
Hiroshima, Japan, atomic bombing (1945) of, 301
Hirsh, David, 194
histones, 400–401, 405, 407
Hitler, Adolf, 124
eugenics and extermination policy of, 122–23, 275
racial hygiene beliefs of, 120–21
rise of, 119
scientists leaving Germany as reaction to, 130, 131, 146
HIV, 249, 418, 423
Hobbes, Thomas, 75
Hodgkin, Dorothy, 145, 150
Holmes, Oliver Wendell Jr., 83–84
homosexuality
Bieber’s theory of, 370–71
as choice, 370–71
Freud on, 442
gay gene and, 371
Hamer’s research on genes related to, 373–78, 379
psychiatrists on, in 1950s and 1960s, 370
Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study of Male Homosexuals (Bieber), 370
homosexuals, Nazi extermination of, 125
homunculus concept, in inheritance, 25–26, 43, 337
Hongerwinter (Hunger Winter), Netherlands
description of, 393–94
gene expression and cellular memory affected by, 405–06
grandchildren’s genetic memory of, 394, 395
physical impact on grandchildren of survivors of, 394
Hood, Leroy, 302, 306
Hopkins, Nancy, 176n
hormonal therapy in sexual reassignment, 364, 365–66
Horne, Ken, 246
Horvath, Philippe, 470
Horvitz, Robert, 191, 192–94
hospitals
colonies in eugenics movement and, 77, 78–79, 80–81, 82, 84, 120, 304–05
genetic screening in, 269, 291
OTC deficiency gene-therapy trial in, 431–33, 434–35
sexual reassignment in, 363–64
Hox gene family, 324
Huang, Junjiu, 478–79, 480
Huberty, James, 298, 301
Hughes, Everett, 329
human embryos
ethical issues about genomic engineering use of, 473
experiments to derive stem cells from, 467–69
federal limits on cell lines from, 469
first permanent human genome engineering experiment
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