The Gene: An Intimate History - Siddhartha Mukherjee Page 0,244

Wallace Stevens (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2011), “On the Road Home,” 203–4.

It was when I said: Ibid.

“Abhed”

I am the family face: Thomas Hardy, The Collected Poems of Thomas Hardy (Ware, Hertfordshire, England: Wordsworth Poetry Library, 2002), “Heredity,” 204–5.

In 1907, when William Bateson visited: William Bateson, “Facts limiting the theory of heredity,” in Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Zoology, vol. 7 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Warehouse, 1912).

“Morgan is a blockhead”: Schwartz, In Pursuit of the Gene, 174.

“Cell biologists look; geneticists count; biochemists clean”: Arthur Kornberg, author interview, 1993.

“We are interested in heredity not primarily”: “Review: Mendelism up to date,” Journal of Heredity 7, no 1 (1916): 17–23.

Walter Sutton, a grasshopper-collecting farm boy: David Ellyard, Who Discovered What When (Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, Australia: New Holland, 2005), “Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri: Where Are the Genes?”

In 1905, using cells from the common mealworm: Stephen G. Brush, “Nettie M. Stevens and the Discovery of Sex Determination by Chromosome,” Isis 69, no. 2 (1978): 162–72.

The students called his laboratory the Fly Room: Ronald William Clark, The Survival of Charles Darwin: A Biography of a Man and an Idea (New York: Random House, 1984), 279.

He had visited Hugo de Vries’s: Russ Hodge, Genetic Engineering: Manipulating the Mechanisms of Life (New York: Facts On File, 2009), 42.

For Morgan, this genetic linkage: Thomas Hunt Morgan, The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity (New York: Holt, 1915), “Chapter 3: Linkage.”

genes had to be physically linked to each other: Morgan was exceptionally lucky in choosing fruit flies for his experiments, since flies have an unusually low number of chromosomes—just four. If flies had multiple chromosomes, linkage might have been much harder to prove.

It was a material thing: Thomas Hunt Morgan, “The Relation of Genetics to Physiology and Medicine,” Nobel Lecture (June 4, 1934), in Nobel Lectures, Physiology and Medicine, 1922–1941 (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1965), 315.

The czarina of Russia, Alexandra: Daniel L. Hartl and Elizabeth W. Jones, Essential Genetics: A Genomics Perspective (Boston: Jones and Bartlett, 2002), 96–97.

Grigory Rasputin: Helen Rappaport, Queen Victoria: A Biographical Companion (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2003), “Hemophilia.”

Rasputin was poisoned: Andrew Cook, To Kill Rasputin: The Life and Death of Grigori Rasputin (Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus, 2005), “The End of the Road.”

On the evening of July 17, 1918: “Alexei Romanov,” History of Russia, historyofrussia.org/alexei-romanov/.

In 2007, an archaeologist: “DNA Testing Ends Mystery Surrounding Czar Nicholas II Children,” Los Angeles Times, March 11, 2009.

Truths and Reconciliations

All changed, changed utterly: William Butler Yeats, Easter, 1916 (London: Privately printed by Clement Shorter, 1916).

In 1909, a young mathematician: Eric C. R. Reeve and Isobel Black, Encyclopedia of Genetics (London: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2001), “Darwin and Mendel United: The Contributions of Fisher, Haldane and Wright up to 1932.”

In 1918, Fisher published: Ronald Fisher, “The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance,” Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 52 (1918): 399–433.

Hugo de Vries had proposed that mutations: Hugo de Vries, The Mutation Theory; Experiments and Observations on the Origin of Species in the Vegetable Kingdom, trans. J. B. Farmer and A. D. Darbishire (Chicago: Open Court, 1909).

In the 1930s, Theodosius Dobzhansky: Robert E. Kohler, Lords of the Fly: Drosophila Genetics and the Experimental Life (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), “From Laboratory to Field: Evolutionary Genetics.”

In September 1943, Dobzhansky: Th. Dobzhansky, “Genetics of natural populations IX. Temporal changes in the composition of populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura,” Genetics 28, no. 2 (1943): 162.

Dobzhansky could demonstrate it experimentally: Details of Dobzhansky’s experiments are sourced from Theodosius Dobzhansky, “Genetics of natural populations XIV. A response of certain gene arrangements in the third chromosome of Drosophila pseudoobscura to natural selection,” Genetics 32, no. 2 (1947): 142; and S. Wright and T. Dobzhansky, “Genetics of natural populations; experimental reproduction of some of the changes caused by natural selection in certain populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura,” Genetics 31 (March 1946): 125–56.

Transformation

If you prefer an “academic life”: H. J. Muller, “The call of biology,” AIBS Bulletin 3, no. 4 (1953). Copy with handwritten notes, libgallery.cshl.edu/archive/files/c73e9703aa1b65ca3f4881b9a2465797.jpg.

We do deny that: Peter Pringle, The Murder of Nikolai Vavilov: The Story of Stalin’s Persecution of One of the Great Scientists of the Twentieth Century (Simon & Schuster, 2008), 209.

Grand Synthesis: Ernst Mayr and William B. Provine, The Evolutionary Synthesis: Perspectives on the Unification of Biology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980).

Transformation was discovered: William K. Purves, Life, the Science of Biology (Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2001), 214–15.

Griffith performed an experiment: Werner Karl Maas, Gene Action: A Historical Account (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 59–60.

“this tiny man who . . . barely spoke above