one-sided killing, and the world has seen nothing like it since.
FIGURE 6–8. Rate of deaths in genocides, 1956–2008
Sources: PITF estimates, 1955–2008: same as for figure 6–7. UCDP, 1989–2007: “High Fatality” estimates from http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/ucdp/datasets/ (Kreutz, 2008; Kristine & Hultman, 2007) divided by world population from U.S. Census Bureau, 2010c.
Harff was tasked not just with compiling genocides but with identifying their risk factors. She noted that virtually all of them took place in the aftermath of a state failure such as a civil war, revolution, or coup. So she assembled a control group with 93 cases of state failure that did not result in genocide, matched as closely as possible to the ones that did, and ran a logistic regression analysis to find out which aspects of the situation the year before made the difference.
Some factors that one might think were important turned out not to be. Measures of ethnic diversity didn’t matter, refuting the conventional wisdom that genocides represent the eruption of ancient hatreds that inevitably explode when ethnic groups live side by side. Nor did measures of economic development matter. Poor countries are more likely to have political crises, which are necessary conditions for genocides to take place, but among the countries that did have crises, the poorer ones were no more likely to sink into actual genocide.
Harff did discover six risk factors that distinguished the genocidal from the nongenocidal crises in three-quarters of the cases.167 One was a country’s previous history of genocide, presumably because whatever risk factors were in place the first time did not vanish overnight. The second predictor was the country’s immediate history of political instability—to be exact, the number of regime crises and ethnic or revolutionary wars it had suffered in the preceding fifteen years. Governments that feel threatened are tempted to eliminate or take revenge on groups they perceive to be subversive or contaminating, and are more likely to exploit the ongoing chaos to accomplish those goals before opposition can mobilize.168 A third was a ruling elite that came from an ethnic minority, presumably because that multiplies the leaders’ worries about the precariousness of their rule.
The other three predictors are familiar from the theory of the Liberal Peace. Harff vindicated Rummel’s insistence that democracy is a key factor in preventing genocides. From 1955 to 2008 autocracies were three and a half times more likely to commit genocides than were full or partial democracies, holding everything else constant. This represents a hat trick for democracy: democracies are less likely to wage interstate wars, to have large-scale civil wars, and to commit genocides. Partial democracies (anocracies) are more likely than autocracies to have violent political crises, as we saw in Fearon and Laitin’s analysis of civil wars, but when a crisis does occur, the partial democracies are less likely than autocracies to become genocidal.
Another trifecta was scored by openness to trade. Countries that depend more on international trade, Harff found, are less likely to commit genocides, just as they are less likely to fight wars with other countries and to be riven by civil wars. The inoculating effects of trade against genocide cannot depend, as they do in the case of interstate war, on the positive-sum benefits of trade itself, since the trade we are talking about (imports and exports) does not consist in exchanges with the vulnerable ethnic or political groups. Why, then, should trade matter? One possibility is that Country A might take a communal or moral interest in a group living within the borders of Country B. If B wants to trade with A, it must resist the temptation to exterminate that group. Another is that a desire to engage in trade requires certain peaceable attitudes, including a willingness to abide by international norms and the rule of law, and a mission to enhance the material welfare of its citizens rather than implementing a vision of purity, glory, or perfect justice.
The last predictor of genocide is an exclusionary ideology. Ruling elites that are under the spell of a vision that identifies a certain group as the obstacle to an ideal society, putting it “outside the sanctioned universe of obligation,” are far more likely to commit genocide than elites with a more pragmatic or eclectic governing philosophy. Exclusionary ideologies, in Harff’s classification, include Marxism, Islamism (in particular, a strict application of Sharia law), militaristic anticommunism, and forms of nationalism that demonize ethnic or religious rivals.
Harff sums up the pathways by which these risk factors erupt into genocide:Almost all genocides and politicides of the last
The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 1 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 2 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 3 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 4 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 5 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 6 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 7 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 8 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 9 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 10 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 11 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 12 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 13 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 14 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 15 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 16 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 17 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 18 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 19 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 20 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 21 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 22 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 23 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 24 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 25 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 26 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 27 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 28 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 29 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 30 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 31 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 32 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 33 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 34 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 35 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 36 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 37 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 38 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 39 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 40 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 41 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 42 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 43 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 44 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 45 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 46 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 47 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 48 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 49 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 50 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 51 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 52 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 53 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 54 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 55 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 56 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 57 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 58 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 59 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 60 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 61 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 62 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 63 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 64 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 65 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 66 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 67 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 68 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 69 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 70 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 71 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 72 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 73 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 74 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 75 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 76 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 77 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 78 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 79 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 80 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 81 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 82 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 83 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 84 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 85 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 86 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 87 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 88 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 89 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 90 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 91 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 92 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 93 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 94 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 95 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 96 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 97 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 98 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 99 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 100 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 101 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 102 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 103 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 104 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 105 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 106 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 107 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 108 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 109 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 110 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 111 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 112 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 113 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 114 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 115 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 116 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 117 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 118 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 119 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 120 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 121 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 122 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 123 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 124 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 125 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 126 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 127 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 128 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 129 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 130 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 131 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 132 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 133 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 134 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 135 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 136 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 137 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 138 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 139 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 140 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 141 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 142 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 143 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 144 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 145 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 146 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 147 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 148 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 149 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 150 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 151 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 152 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 153 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 154 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 155 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 156 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 157 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 158 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 159 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 160 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 161 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 162 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 163 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 164 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 165 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 166 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 167 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 168 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 169 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 170 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 171 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 172 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 173 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 174 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 175 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 176 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 177 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 178 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 179 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 180 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 181 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 182 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 183 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 184 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 185 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 186 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 187 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 188 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 189 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 190 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 191 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 192 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 193 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 194 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 195 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 196 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 197 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 198 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 199 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 200 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 201 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 202 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 203 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 204 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 205 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 206 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 207 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 208 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 209 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 210 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 211 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 212 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 213 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 214 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 215 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 216 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 217 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 218 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 219 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 220 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 221 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 222 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 223 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 224 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 225 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 226 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 227 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 228 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 229 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 230 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 231 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 232 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 233 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 234 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 235 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 236 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 237 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 238 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 239 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 240 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 241 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 242 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 243 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 244 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 245 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 246 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 247 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 248 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 249 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 250 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 251 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 252 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 253 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 254 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 255 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 256 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 257 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 258 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 259 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 260 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 261 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 262 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 263 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 264 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 265 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 266 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 267 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 268 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 269 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 270 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 271 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 272 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 273 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 274 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 275 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 276 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 277 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 278 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 279 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 280 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 281 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 282 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 283 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 284 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 285 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 286 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 287 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 288 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 289 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 290 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 291 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 292 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 293 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 294 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 295 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 296 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 297 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 298 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 299 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 300 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 301 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 302 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 303 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 304 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 305 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 306 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 307 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 308 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 309 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 310 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 311 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 312 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 313 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 314 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 315 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 316 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 317 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 318 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 319 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 320 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 321 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 322 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 323 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 324 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 325 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 326 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 327 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 328 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 329 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 330 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 331 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 332 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 333 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 334 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 335 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 336 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 337 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 338 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 339 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 340 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 341 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 342 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 343 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 344 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 345 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 346 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 347 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 348 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 349 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 350 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 351 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 352 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 353 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 354 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 355 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 356 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 357 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 358 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 359 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 360 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 361 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 362 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 363 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 364 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 365 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 366 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 367 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 368 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 369 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 370 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 371 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 372 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 373 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 374 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 375 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 376 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 377 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 378 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 379 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 380 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 381 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 382 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 383 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 384 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 385 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 386 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 387 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 388 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 389 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 390 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 391 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 392 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 393 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 394 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 395 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 396 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 397 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 398 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 399 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 400 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 401 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 402 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 403 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 404 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 405 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 406 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 407 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 408 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 409 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 410 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 411 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 412 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 413 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 414 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 415 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 416 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 417 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 418 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 419 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 420 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 421 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 422 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 423 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 424 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 425 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 426 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 427 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 428 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 429 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 430 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 431 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 432 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 433 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 434 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 435 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 436 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 437 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 438 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 439 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 440 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 441 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 442 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 443 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 444 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 445 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 446 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 447 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 448 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 449 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 450 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 451 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 452 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 453 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 454 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 455 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 456 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 457 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 458 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 459 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 460 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 461 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 462 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 463 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 464 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 465 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 466 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 467 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 468 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 469 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 470 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 471 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 472 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 473 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 474 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 475 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 476 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 477 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 478 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 479 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 480 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 481 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 482 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 483 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 484 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 485 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 486 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 487 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 488 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 489 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 490 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 491 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 492 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 493 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 494 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 495 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 496 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 497 The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Vio - By Steven Pinker - Page 498