The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can - By Gladwell, Malcolm Page 0,107

(1979), vol. 84, no. 5, pp. 1150–1174.

Page 224.

V. R. Ashton and S. Donnan, “Suicide by burning as an epidemic phenomenon: An analysis of 82 deaths and inquests in England and Wales in 1978–79, Psychological Medicine (1981), vol. 11, pp. 735–739.

Page 225.

Norman Kreitman, Peter Smith, and Eng Seong Tan, “Attempted Suicide as Language: An Empirical Study,” British Journal of Psychiatry (1970), vol. 116, pp. 465–473.

Page 230.

H. J. Eysenck. Smoking, Health and Personality (New York: Basic Books, 1965), p. 80. This reference is found in David Krogh’s Smoking: The Artificial Passion, p. 107.

The statistics on smoking and sexual behavior come from: H. J. Eysenck, Smoking, Personality and Stress (New York: Springer Verlag, 1991), p. 27.

Page 231.

David Krogh, Smoking: The Artificial Passion. (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1991).

Page 234.

Ovide Pomerleau, Cynthia Pomerleau, Rebecca Namenek, “Early Experiences with Tobacco among Women Smokers, Ex smokers, and Never smokers,” Addiction (1998), vol. 93, no. 4, pp. 595–601.

Page 235.

Saul Shiffman, Jean A. Paty, Jon D. Kassel, Maryann Gnys, and Monica Zettler Segal, “Smoking Behavior and Smoking History of Tobacco Chippers,” Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology (1994), vol. 2, no. 2, p. 139.

Page 239.

Judith Rich Harris, The Nurture Assumption.

Page 242.

David C. Rowe, The Limits of Family Influence (New York: Guilford Press, 1994). Rowe has a very good summary of the twins and adoption work.

Page 244.

Alexander H. Glassman, F. Stetner, B. T. Walsh et al., “Heavy smokers, smoking cessation, and clonidine: results of a double blind, randomized trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association (1988), vol. 259, pp. 2863–2866.

Page 246.

Alexander H. Glassman, John E. Helzer, Lirio Covey et al., “Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and Major Depression,” Journal of the American Medical Association (1990), vol. 264, pp. 1546–1549.

Page 247.

Wendy Fidler, Lynn Michell, Gillian Raab, Anne Charlton, “Smoking: A Special Need?” British Journal of Addiction (1992), vol. 87, pp. 1583–1591.

Page 249.

The Neal Benowitz/Jack Henningfield strategy has been described in two places. Neal L. Benowitz and Jack Henningfield, “Establishing a nicotine threshold for addiction,” New England Journal of Medicine (1994), vol. 331, pp. 123–125. Also: Jack Henningfield, Neal Benowitz, and John Slade, “Report to the American Medical Association: Reducing Illness and Death Caused by Cigarettes by Reducing Their Nicotine Content” (1997).

Page 251.

There is a good summary of the available statistics on drug use and addiction in: Dirk Chase Eldredge, Ending the War on Drugs (Bridgehampton, New York: Bridge Works Publishing, 1998), pp. 1–17.

Rubinstein, “Epidemic Suicide Among Micronesian Adolescents,” p. 664.

Acknowledgments

The Tipping Point grew out of an article I wrote as a freelancer for Tina Brown at the New Yorker, who ran the piece and then—to my surprise and delight—hired me. Thank you, Tina. She and her successor, David Remnick, graciously allowed me to spend many months away from the magazine to work on this book. The earliest draft of my manuscript was brilliantly critiqued by Terry Martin, now of Harvard University and formerly of our hometown of Elmira, who has been a source of intellectual inspiration to me since tenth grade biology. I also owe special thanks to the extraordinary contributions of Judith Rich Harris, author of The Nurture Assumption, which changed the way I thought about the world, and my mother, Joyce Gladwell, who is and always will be my favorite writer. Judith Shulevitz, Robert McCrum, Zoe Rosenfeld, Jacob Weisberg, and Deborah Needleman took the time to read my manuscript and share their thoughts. DeeDee Gordon (and Sage) and Sally Horchow graciously lent me their homes for the long weeks of writing. I hope someday to return the favor. At Little, Brown, I had the pleasure of working with a team of talented and dedicated and wonderful professionals: Katie Long, Betty Power, Ryan Harbage, Sarah Crichton, and, most of all, my editor, Bill Phillips. Bill read this book so many times he can probably recite it by memory, and every time he read it his insight and intelligence made it a better book. Thank you. Two people, finally, have my deepest gratitude. First my agent and friend Tina Bennett, who conceived of this project and saw it through—protecting, guiding, helping, and inspiring me every step of the way. And second, my editor at the New Yorker, the incomparable Henry Finder, to whom I owe more than I can say. Thank you all.

Malcolm Gladwell is a staff writer for The New Yorker. He was formerly a business and science reporter at the Washington Post. He is the author of The Tipping Point and Blink, both of which have become #1 New York Times bestsellers as well as bestsellers in translation throughout the world.