Hidden Valley Road - Inside the Mind of an American Family - Robert Kolker Page 0,169

the girls’ mother had tried to separate Nora and Myra from Iris and Hester: Ibid., 73.

“It is easy to see that”: Ibid., 567.

the “extreme situation” concept: Ibid., 548.

“an atmosphere of fear, suspicion and distrust”: Ibid., 566.

“We must be more circumspect yet more precise in our theory-building”: Ibid., 579.

CHAPTER 10

When the hospital first opened with about a dozen patients: Nell Mitchell, The 13th Street Review, 7.

“We considered it a minor operation”: Mike Anton, “Colorado Routinely Sterilized the Mentally Ill Before 1960,” Rocky Mountain News, November 21, 1999.

By the 1950s, the hospital housed more than five thousand patients: Nell Mitchell, The 13th Street Review, 47.

“These are mostly psychopaths”: Telfer, The Caretakers, 218.

85 A New York Times reviewer called The Caretakers a clarion call: Frank G. Slaughter, “Life in a Snake-Pit,” New York Times, November 22, 1959.

a scathing thirty-page attack: “Pueblo Grand Jury Blasts State Hospital Program,” Colorado Springs Gazette-Telegraph, May 19, 1962.

“euphoric quietude”: M. Lacomme et al., “Obstetric Analgesia Potentiated by Associated Intravenous Dolosal with RP 4560,” Bulletin de la Fédération des Sociétés de Gynécologie et d’óbstetrique de Langue Fran?aise 4: (1952): 558–62, cited by Bertha K. Madras, “History of the Discovery of the Antipsychotic Dopamine D2 Receptor: A Basis for the Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia,” Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 62–78.

“chemical lobotomy”: H. Laborit and P. Huguenard, “L’hibernation artificielle par moyens pharmacodynamiques et physiques,” Presse médicale 59 (1951): 1329, cited by Heinz E. Lehmann and Thomas A. Ban, “The History of the Psychopharmacology of Schizophrenia,” The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 42, no. 2 (March 1997): 152–62.

side effects: Theocharis Kyziridis, “Notes on the History of Schizophrenia,” German Journal of Psychiatry 8, no. 3 (2005): 42–48.

Arvid Carlsson suggested that Thorazine: Arvid Carlsson and Maria L. Carlsson, “A Dopaminergic Deficit Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: The Path to Discovery,” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 8, no. 1 (March 2006): 137–42.

known as the “dopamine hypothesis”: Bertha K. Madras, “History of the Discovery of the Antipsychotic Dopamine D2 Receptor: A Basis for the Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia.”

even better than Thorazine: S. Marc Breedlove, Neil V. Watson, and Mark R. Rosenzweig, Biological Psychology, 5th ed. (Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates, 2007), 491.

CHAPTER 13

“the existing mediocrity”: Sartre, The Psychology of Imagination, 169, cited by Laing, The Divided Self, 84–85.

schizophrenia was an act of self-preservation by a wounded soul: Laing, The Divided Self, 73, 75, 77.

“lobotomies and tranquilizers”: Ibid., 12.

a way of playing possum…better to turn oneself into a stone: Ibid., 51.

sociologist Erving Goffman: McNally, A Critical History of Schizophrenia, 149.

schizophrenics were almost like prophets: Arieti, Interpretation of Schizophrenia, 125–26.

insanity was a concept wielded by the powerful against the disenfranchised: Szasz, The Myth of Mental Illness, 188, 176.

a war of wits inside of an insane asylum: Kesey, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest.

“secondary element”: Fromm-Reichmann, “On Loneliness” (posthumously published essay), Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, 328.

“If the human race survives”: Laing, The Politics of Experience, 107.

called the family structure a metaphor for authoritarian society: Deleuze and Guattari, Anti-Oedipus, 34–35.

CHAPTER 14

The account of the Puerto Rico conference comes from Rosenthal and Kety, eds., The Transmission of Schizophrenia. Specific citations follow.

their study in Denmark: David Rosenthal, “Three Adoption Studies of Heredity in the Schizophrenic Disorders,” International Journal of Mental Health 1, no. 1/2 (1972): 63–75.

a study that reached a very similar conclusion: Irving Gottesman and James Shields, “A Polygenic Theory of Schizophrenia,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 58, no. 1 (July 1, 1967): 199–205.

a childhood spent in chaos or poverty could be one cause: Melvin L. Kohn, “Social Class and Schizophrenia,” in Rosenthal and Kety, eds., The Transmission of Schizophrenia, 156–57.

“embittered, aggressive and